非洲到而家186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtMniQKVuFF
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqxLh2NLQmG
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOqtFvIQ7o4
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz9Efw6crDV
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKRZM1FMfH1
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUlUyAWiFrj
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPnJu7gqxOQ
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmNUKkGFdju
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzgoN4lW9oU
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC8j6i3e3Ia
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJlV05Pkuxb
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3mlL5rl96H
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVsSEYF9aZq
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJMQJ9GLOXO
1493年3月15日星期五中午 186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf9lPc7uGTi
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfA8MDpMqWa
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡANSVpwKHVV
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKGklsMZM9i
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6IrW2nPHlA
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU1MNYbyHiM
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPkm7w9g9vR
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHcmyQM9jbi
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBsi0OdyNEx
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhUStIQtmfb
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSvGISFPaTp
咁既然唔係亞洲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX4mZVmO96J
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHqn7sBLGPs
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQUsTq4yUb2
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs6MmItMFuo
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYysLlGnIhw
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdk82sp7oVp
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0AVso77Ci2
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxuMGhTer2j
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwI4ipiNtag
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkqJ2yeS5Fa
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsQJfBMMjVt
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVcxErfRJpl
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8kEmZTlZk5
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZFnup2RsY4
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ405JO6JEAA
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlvf5q3Qo0E
同環繞赤道一周差唔多186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBtMXgXVAgW
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXqafccXrwn
萬一有咩阻滯186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb21CLzFJ9Z
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWDX7TMlyw3
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtpzM5UHQoo
就仆得街喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrDRq7cSIhn
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZwSjPq5E1s
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1kDJ7zv3IV
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqEHSoiPlD7
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9rNUsQ4TvI
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHWouv5F3X7
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWBVzLcfuDW
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡglB3PYMyNc
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1JFQrLSmF9
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyRRLAeizf8
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpsJaN4GKeM
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGet4quNfdJ
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTl2MCoA4XV
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNtOPVtTGAe
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX1DCCdfd9Q
就算食到都消化不良啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9hU1TnJL0K
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站
186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkznuokbEEf
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEB3sdBB4gu
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGDsHeBKFh9
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHcNE9p0mmH
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg4gMfMvtfC
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhRIjmFHbJx
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwkbiRs00Rl
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS9K6W2XKPL
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1A2F4RLfxA
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgK4Vnd2Kh5
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsS6NJvdSX8
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNBk3b0kTt8
美洲有耕地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiIzERWTW3y
非洲有人力186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbWKGtApOTc
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3PwFoVwIHx
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmKG0HlVii8
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTbPPRthKTs
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPp6vch0mzz
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrO4cDJEAXU
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC661Iasc61
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOMzC4LMEmU
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGVefHEAwng
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡId9YveBX11
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhGYiprxFmU
由此激發各國投入人力物力186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHyVofPBXc1
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT7k4qfoGuj
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVikfoGAEnI
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBulkbHPrJt
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCkIxfGgSvM
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ52c4eYN5Yj
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0y3SOtjQrm
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3tqINj7ZPH為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO8g19zDV9k
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgSbZFaZAqq
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0HWNvHaAb9
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBSD7Vqrhki
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZcv7AAUi9J
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYv9yTkuZkV
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiXuErTVGWU
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡynXcWVJDPu
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJyXDUWn46U
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhjJOEuWuNV
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpb9hCMbQwV
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxeC9CZJRWI
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3Z9isra02D
準備選出新教宗喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAK0O3nAtAy
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK0TXp9APcp
自16世紀起186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLRsabxhOly
呢個小圈子選舉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS7hqoIe9Ux
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuoPYUdYvQG
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXUuKuOc2he
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡudrRDxNwhi
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa6obm3ontb
有時仲會大打出手186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvDfjtrdrmG
好似1605年3月嗰次186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrPTn9zPNzN
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb48YYg2vcz
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6PTMruiR7Q
不過呢個唔係今集重點186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3IPmY00XVX
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCYfHMpUO8G
我直接講個結果：186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcj1IcQen5k
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0JldCSwdWM
法號伍朋八世186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMKYuKXcZUc
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaWkYbyqLeD
…186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ92rfy36nvg
..186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy3Oecn8VG4
.186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9V3Ma7KpZR
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6I6B9zAACg
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7hi8KC5FVN
佢地其實係病死嘅186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU9LVnmeFF4
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwjd8dsZt73
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHg0g0eeSB8
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ8zUpLSeNq
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0ImMWTAW0v
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkz5dzUpMGk
係會令人發燒同病死186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvLgpIyFrFQ
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc9r7ocG7c2
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡga8VC4dIdv
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAzqVzh7nGe
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5NSUIPztFH
帶返去羅馬本土喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡILUlDjRFkT
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU0orSCrQpc
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuO1qfxnnV4
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ70Dd3dv5Xy
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbdYnWd8GKh
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjpKzHCfr4q
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7LPFkbNbXk
額我略十五世唔遲唔早186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlQ7ZwWGiWY
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb7a2RDydcF
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ13MdtdauXU
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMVRguh9Osz
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdvRra1FfX1
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaQoBBuHd3m
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMuAMq0lv9v
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5L3ECipb5H
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcjPbWT8fdN
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ6jQypEjrj
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtwPVytc0xP
真係唔醫好過醫186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4OkLF9XesG
不過喺呢個大航海時代186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGsRqGEY1aD
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ41a8AtLIW7
16世紀起186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvJef1pPJfQ
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwbQBxvxChH
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUaJCWtYngh
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡygAJEVBKPk
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWyCW2C4G6w
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUmnikRst0I
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgJRCuxDEGB
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKN1hXE73zN
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPm44lL4agq
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeF8g1wxdfE
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXLvdktHpST
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPG4dkDxkPU
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLc89pSXw9N
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVDE7CQupSK
喺呢個地理大發現時代186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3AISNhLdqf
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpuV26BObAO
呢個故事嘅主要成份186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKHA6Osw23H
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNKo80NxqZV
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCX3BKvyIKt
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdJS2Is7i9e
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeLIGbnONLE
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuQo4yL84go
咁有農地自然就要灌溉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw3ILD3Brv4
而灌溉自然就會有積水186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRMwoBL2GSe
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtT5UCp2Sco
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡySJxChIrcm
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXt8HohhujI
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1B1Is0PJht
自16世紀中期起186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEkcfTskgcW
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHzWDz7u5a9
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv92xxdaha8
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6mbBnkSDOg
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbXNfew44tr
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdSphef3M68
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡldcx1aJbLl
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ969KQfRye4
如無意外186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwVKsX1PAtp
呢啲新興嘅殖民地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUMGGkgiZpe
將會同羅馬一樣186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTy8hQCrPRd
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh3lolhdEK8
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIh0lPz5pD8
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhGzzmA18NE
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtrtdnZyI8I
不過喺利馬186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSuchjsvN3J
情況就有啲唔同186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡePF3ibMbQC
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIJL8eNUize
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRztozAwSlh
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaPKUK4WZGq
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5el932cHDS
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAeKTKTbYEt
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO7JErdBQPN
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtrp9kYOxp1
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeAPlD56z9G
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIV4SDsKEB3
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7lFE6buYJQ
不過喺嗰個年代186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXOHvn9pyYW
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡarcddAJX87
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuYlc6kKA9V
其實當時耶穌會啲教士186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMLfNpuS6FV
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSiEKqiXk8k
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSslrq4Aw0d
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡksUa9NFeWm
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi2Lgnl7NBc
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOlkmsmIDlW
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWT7BtIhAGJ
因為會引起間歇性高燒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡww1Hi3XLfP
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjWvTtQPV7H
點知咁啱得咁橋186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnfr0wPNtd9
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyYz1c67vPl
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ55yTctlfa4
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE3LsJDz7hx
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiHIqCwUksi
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT7QOsqf5uU
最後喺1632年186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4McKmE37Le
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI0t2EjMhPD
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvzubB48fPn
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5Ra8eH61Wb
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUWE13sl1Hc
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1sV6ghi6Ll
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSBAIVKSz3d
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOolNDUP868
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBIgqseu19E
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡea6QUFBV2y
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMyhtJDhQBy
遇到咩奇難雜症都好186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPbJ95PwIi5
只要將自己嘅問題186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGfWb7WyCZk
變埋做其他人嘅問題186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCBPdYUCC0O
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFBwsxblojX
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXB7mIJ4v6m
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfY7Y3ISz20
佢發夢都唔會諗到186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTns1UDY5Ul
佢嗰個大轉移186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd8IgY6lepd
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSadxdH0jKj
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ37OcymEsrX
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKYarCahWkM
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeLo0W4BcmU
視乎你從咩角度睇啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI9Twcg3wEi
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN1mhNU1Oro
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtSIPGt1H1j
現實就係喺嗰時186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaWoRqHAKbC
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSe1hLZP3hq
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBPTWfi8bdo
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh6aO9vftZJ
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZQeUtJ4IjM
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLT4zv25a9Y
都只係數字嚟啫186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAGnafPb3hN
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpeJpXDkBzz
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi1wJ01JBSV
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFN2WCrNdQo
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ecvWXXIJC
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG1r72sJrbt
1）苦到仆街186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡolLjk9eQSy
2）有毒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2PJEhTiyNN
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpIYDWwFFqc
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlTE65qaBy8
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf2AOHAjAew
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEjVvcynS2y
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrH0dPGuiYY
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhxseUX6BOH
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt2UFpCmSm4
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7Q4n92cCvf
以奎寧為例186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8qHVfqt57l
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsvT3tXiHeD
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrqc9LG0eeN
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbpVPkXdsrV
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpDUK4kuUGC
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEXEAU1LT2u
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTqMe6bW5uN
有時會唔夠藥效186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvobCBO50qy
有時又過量中毒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtsTQQjo3zs
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA5hvsr2I8O
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAhrhdjw7kF
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5EtQDRqkCW
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTQNMGRVXuA
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjkGz53aRIi
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFzhuVeOYHc
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7bR3EbgB3I
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhaPmJTYyjp
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx2mjefpHqy
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrPGoVAh00k
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMmTeNLEYar
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQnlFSovoDs
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMBLEFVAWyr
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtuzIg3Bdha
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIW6s1fPqsy
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm8oHFfNxaI
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyxczSUkG9W
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgPR8iurOOw
喺名人效應下186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjZfE8g4tdG
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjVEqXZRZcr
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdB35MofQYo
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyXOARkN7G6
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder” 
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnVeUHfo2xC
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3mjYsvOrKw
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxZlTa14KfB
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4CpK10Aupj
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡylf4DpwqBw
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ67n3lZX1Mf
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5sD41gwggu
要大規模應用喺平民度186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRkBkmOg1R0
係諗都唔使諗186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡleCldneYaO
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwkICf7Qcp1
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqmqFLy7AU0
正以前所未有嘅速度增長186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1aETohOf79
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUwn6hY8bzc
而研究出嚟嘅成果186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTE93YDlQ4f
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJNmsG58PJf
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3AICTOaWzQ
人類了解世界嘅方式186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAIHAyWUuNn
再唔係好似以前咁186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeu4yJWjmUC
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD7NmPzhd1P
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMSydODTh34
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAe3JztMKVg
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMQmqPj6w9U
自此無論係英王嘅御醫186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO2N5B8zBfy
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBdQtQbT2ly
只要有本藥典同個磅186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkaij4Mn5QK
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvFNYHjVB5b
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx3AoUcF5JO
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7KqPOLprvT
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgaT9TxChcc
都深受瘧疾所困擾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKmyD7K88Tw
例如喺1836年186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRkS7JCYi05
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGCBDOLBazw
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEMFDPB6kPl
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKDAfh8l7WU
死亡率更高達6成半186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb3UKCAneQv
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBxGHTHhb7x
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw464TkJUlE
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdexDY0NvFE
死亡率之高186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnwbwnQyyLW
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtqGCXlmFaK
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7yxJqZYR3Q
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm3P5LB58lc
到1860年左右186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkNAeHmdnHa
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKt26ecfF9M偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUwmDquzJMZ
奎寧供應大增186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeMUKceDWPE
喺滿足咗本土需求後186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgeYdFf6an0
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8gVhbQor5I
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5qU0Hxx8Wd
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy99YIiAuYw
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkLfr3LmQAY
原因就係奎寧實在太苦186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8clTKkmaAs
可能你地會諗：冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡES0qNCW6st
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYzAB46jEKS
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSuspDCJDpk
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVDq2q6p56A
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsPIzCNbyk3
就唔同咁講喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeQnDnRALQz
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFw9jai5J8e
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLtoWisW830
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjxiQ88dnj0
服從性有幾高可想而知186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgEb0WFTtPN
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV638XtVPaZ
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3DrhGvf3oU
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEZzxhHCP3p
無疑係甘上加甘186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCxTcnoR8pg
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJOK5WeOgfc
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ17JaTWSKIg
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡujUBlT9pTf
錢就使咗效果又冇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnlSpRNXkte
咁點搞?186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSKPjOmGl9q
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXTIVgAiSQ8
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA5ytlgXLhO
作為糖嘅發源地186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYaNMcyhTrJ
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmzV4zHprC5
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzy4n17RwG1
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYlS5RQmLDo
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0RgIfbxISD
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV35fIqQ1KX
溶入高濃度糖水186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwyV2YS2p7q
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzcT3tjJD3n
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡedgbizzVUv
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ86JvX1rXXt
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa2mdq8wL4i
啲軍官再進一步186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1fLJUuapVI
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpUeE6loqZe
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
![[offtopic]](https://cdn.lihkg.com/assets/faces/normal/offtopic.gif)
186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5NWXiIyplx
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkoLzL7ZM3s
法國人曾經試過用紅酒186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIH1OxcKmzc
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1yAtYvLrFb
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJFGB31MQwO
味道完全唔融和186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIU8F4ymgvX
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKWNlaAVkU1
後來研究發現186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWgx5Av0yIB
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyKz9moTM8M
同奎寧結合成聚合體186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH2XXVbki8X
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcNAW7LhtHN
呢個偶然嘅發現186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡufN9Nef4EO
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1MV8kVrK7j
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH1DHeGSL19
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzbFtaidEsv
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEeJUsTVjyu
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOo21gW1Biv
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUO312L2sEt
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy97QA25z8G
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7Skg1Zespc
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0FakpesV99
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGkFBlwgtmZ
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8APl3NzOqV
例如喺1875年186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCPvFPCx7Ef
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0HkkikzDzb
已經跌到去1.5%186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2udPAaSwHS
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxxTQvJoe7M
下集會講吓186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHPZ7Ff3uHk
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpQpKHidwcs
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTR10RHbviN
186Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0XNzpl45nn
然後按「加至主畫面」