
全球約有35%的食物產量,均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲,讓農作物得以健康成長。532Please respect copyright.PENANAn1gt0yx17Y532Please respect copyright.PENANADpY1qPaZge
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在這個層面上,農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑,究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?532Please respect copyright.PENANAuNxMLoth59
532Please respect copyright.PENANAkpoNjXz6Jt
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種,內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合,引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。532Please respect copyright.PENANAV3n77WgBAc
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制,可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009532Please respect copyright.PENANAMUSLMTc8gV532Please respect copyright.PENANA7txA9eW3al
532Please respect copyright.PENANAel4Y6cQsmO
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性,益蟲害蟲均會送命。532Please respect copyright.PENANAfDDHs0iE8s
正因如此,全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑,以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。532Please respect copyright.PENANAyALD6OI0Y5
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題外話,人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別,所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。532Please respect copyright.PENANArSpL0dxmZF
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(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用,新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。532Please respect copyright.PENANAO3T2SDQbQN532Please respect copyright.PENANA7iARmDGNW2
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Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑,但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。532Please respect copyright.PENANAIsEUmO1XJV
532Please respect copyright.PENANAGYyIJ1bA8J
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同,根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式,舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別,而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。532Please respect copyright.PENANARi6CHt2YCi
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(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外,對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?532Please respect copyright.PENANAW09mVBo2Cl532Please respect copyright.PENANApJMpFnuil0
532Please respect copyright.PENANAxRvmYMx8eR
答案是接近沒有過人之處,它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。532Please respect copyright.PENANAqylxDRgY6R
532Please respect copyright.PENANAouGgdyKJjD
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣,能長年積累在環境裡頭。532Please respect copyright.PENANAzCvz9w7ZJp
532Please respect copyright.PENANAvV6FUfnnZp
以蜜蜂為例,雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡,但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。532Please respect copyright.PENANA2jEJlfUUR7
532Please respect copyright.PENANA4bMPtyZyod
相對上,另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低,2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。532Please respect copyright.PENANA3bJnPeNnPk
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響,歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下,生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。532Please respect copyright.PENANAUyrSCW3qGn
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顯然,新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。532Please respect copyright.PENANA7hU9J6bMpn
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在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候,往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗,但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多,加上昆蟲本身的獨特性,對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害,因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。532Please respect copyright.PENANAzJTR1Qs4aO
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同時間,現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響,這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。532Please respect copyright.PENANAEMm2L6sjvh
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以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。532Please respect copyright.PENANAHeZZBXlVFp
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/