科普專欄–薯不揀單 - 深入淺出–無病無痛的話，人類是否會永生？

無病無痛，沒有任何交通或人為意外的話，人類是否會進入不死永生狀態呢？701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDABgCgiZ6S
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答案是，不會。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsqs0ytFm0p
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箇中的原因，就是在於染色體亦即是DNA的運作機制之上。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUwggRaY8sp
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（圖1）正常人體細胞分裂的時候，染色體的長度會越來越短。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOUwKWsYmSE
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（圖2）染色體的頂端區域，我們稱之為Telomere。正常細胞分裂後，Telomere的長度便會越來越短，所以導致染色體的總長度亦會有所減少。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTdjl3hpkA3
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（圖3）而幹細胞進行分裂的時候，則會有著Telomerase的協助，導致Telomere的長度便並不會有所減少。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo9VjJLu5XK
然而，當幹細胞變成正常細胞後，Telomerase的功能便會消失。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDLvuu1zKub
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（圖4）當Telomere長度削減到一定程度的時候，細胞便會自行啟動機制滅亡，又或者陷入衰老(Senescence)狀態。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5RFvUWtWWC
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細胞滅亡或衰老的話，器官的功能便會衰退，最後亦會支撐不住，無法正常運作，促成死亡。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfa7EmZfbzA
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你可能會問，現在科技如此倡明，那麼我們只要學習幹細胞的那一套方式，動用外力重啟Telomerase功能，那不就能踏入永生嗎？701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcMLQTQKzzI
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這個思路並沒有錯，只不過代價就是會增加患癌的風險。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLZVxQsso9C
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事實上，不少癌細胞的特徵就是Telomere長度非常之短，但又有著一定水平的Telomerase功能穩定維持著Telomere的長度，逃避進入滅亡的命運。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfpSu7N1t9M
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另一方面的想，如果細胞真的是踏入「永生」狀態的話，終有一天無可避免會累積各種的DNA變異，促成癌細胞的誕生。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3WIVh6Fqkz
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（圖5）既然Telomere對細胞的壽命有著重要影響的話，那麼一些較為長壽的物種是否擁有較長的Telomere呢？701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfql0o8fzT5
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科學家比較各物種的Telomere後（Ref1)，發現海豚的起始Telomere長度比人類高出6倍以上，但壽命長度始終是人類佔優。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgM5cBcmhYS
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反而，決定物種壽命長度的其中一種因素，則是Telomere衰減的速度；701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBPSteVHWXd
Telomere衰減的速度只是一個參考性的指標，並非絕對。物種的大小、新陳代謝機制的不同等等均會對壽命長度有著影響。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdlhamJePXB
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人類每年約會減少71單位Telomere的長度，最高壽命為120歲。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCt4soehhTk
而老鼠每年會減少7000單位Telomere長度，最高壽命為5歲。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡevBJxPAZgx
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人類：每年減少71；120歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5mVOftVCAK
大象：每年減少109；66歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmqC0ZWkFbQ
紅鸛：每年減少105；60歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAAAJO0ChUZ
海豚：每年減少766；52歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa6SEJ2ivMB
兀鷲：每年減少209；41歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyaw5HSZRrp
海鷗：每年減少771；25歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxmmxWLmoOm
馴鹿：每年減少531；22歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkILC4HBWZH
山羊：每年減少363；21歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6XwQAIyeuR
老鼠：每年減少7000；5歲701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsFsKJu5g63
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龜又是每年減少幾多呢？有待有心人發掘。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTgwd5oXIWR
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ433Z5eK3tk
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzVFhqgDPDd
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzkL5b7CIPG
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Link:701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvtljfRRnOI
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡond8XEhqCz
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDcjWUe1OW4
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Ref1:https://www.pnas.org/content/116/30/15122701Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2mj4KQaZmB

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