科普專欄–薯不揀單 - 深入淺出–俄國神經毒素Novichok

2018年3月，前俄羅斯間謀Sergei Skripai及其女兒在英國被人下毒，毒藥被證實為蘇聯在冷戰時期所研發的神經毒素Novichok。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCb8U1HBKU9
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2020年8月20日，一名極力反對普京的社會領袖Alexei Navalny，亦遭受到同類型的毒素傷害，表面證據暫時相信為被人在茶裡下毒。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbJjq64Kf8b
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本篇深入淺出，將會簡述神經系統的運作，以及神經毒素Novichok的機制。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbzSRxjT1sw
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（圖1）神經線負責傳遞信息，為身體內的橋樑。橋樑並不是緊密相扣著的，一條神經線質另一條神經線互相均有著一道空隙。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPbR5hBtYys
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（圖2）訊息在神經線中主要是以電流的方式傳遞。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnx1OJexiCq
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電流來到神經線A的末端後，便會觸發ACh釋出，使ACh來到神經線之間的空隙。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjtGSsXQsW6
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ACh與另一神經線的Receptor結合後，便會觸發新一道的電流產生，使訊息一直能傳遞到終點。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzyvtMXNllT
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（圖3）神經線空隙的AChE負責分解ACh，以免電流長期持續產生。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxuUE4f9xAR
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而俄國最愛的神經毒素Novichok則會與AChE合併及抑制AChE的功能，導致ACh不會被分解，使ACh無了期與神經線的Receptor結合，長期產生神經線電流的傳播，導致患者出現抽搐、癲癇等症狀，沒能適時治療的話更會導致死亡。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ04NyspNvTG
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解毒劑暫時有幾種，Atropine能阻截ACh與Receptor合併，Pralidoxime能夠促使Novichok無法與AChE結合。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡff6uJNz0nL
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這些解毒劑雖然可以使患者康復起來，但患者的認知及肌肉功大有可能會有收到永久性的損害。1057Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvTN3BrBrJc
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