至今中國總共有三間生物公司的疫苗踏入Phase3狀態，包括為Cansino、Sinovac及Sinopharm。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCyMj9txN2f
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU5CCPkpZ1e
其中Sinovac (Phase 3地點:巴西）及國營的Sinopharm(Ref2) (Phase 3地點:阿聯酋）兩間均用上滅活病毒疫苗(Inactivated Virus Vaccine)設計，本文將會就此作深入探討。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3wO2TvqvmF
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK9k5wSqRHG
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyDjrrQhBdw
（圖1）滅活病毒疫苗，顧名思義就是將病毒除去感染能力，當作疫苗之用。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCXMU1IXz4S
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8Y72bI6HPe
下列為Sinovac製作滅活病毒疫苗的扼要流程(Ref3)866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7JhUqbOCEt
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnl0rlL1cr8
1.從一名進入深切治療部的中國病患肺部體液中抽取病毒。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvd8IGnrjig
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMmXwmFYHqo
2.經過數輪實驗室細胞的培植，使病毒數量增加。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRRMNJlrUq7
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYTPHJIVP1K
3.加入化學物消減病毒的感染力和多重過濾，取得弱化的武肺病毒。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzjt7K2aE5D
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsYBg6Z3k0W
4.將其製成可注射的疫苗。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxsdwzkVJ9B
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU1r0ELo2f9
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL3gRoPrd0W
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjsaIt0oH5I
（圖2）將滅活病毒疫苗注射到身體後，身體的免疫細胞便會製作對應弱化病毒的抗體。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZy9us4qYLS
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDchaQoWACc
在繼續講述抗體之前，可先閱覽（圖3）溫故知新一下武肺入侵人體細胞的簡要過程，又或者可以到之前我所寫的文章觀看略為詳細的版本。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsoB6HstTqh
https://www.penana.com/article/466568866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDW5T4Yl05X
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡShTrhsSsc7
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡceyuqqA12n
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ43XNekKxHp
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh6BhMMc1gm
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBF6giWVrpL
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV739FcMu3q
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEzxquKOzsv
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡroLKOQWCPd
（圖4）抗體（Antibody)頂多只能阻礙病毒進入細胞或者指示其他免疫細胞前來清滅病毒，並無獨立能力清滅病毒。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNaepr6htw0
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVSUiGKDAtN
而能夠阻礙病毒進入細胞的抗體，我們將稱之為Neutralizing Antibody，而圖中已列出其中的兩款機制。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkrYuezNUWw
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOwgqSZFZTY
1.抗體與病毒的S protein合併，866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡetKOwUWwYi
防止條件1的達成。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwd9nnSkmuN
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1qt0nyqvjT
2.抗體與病毒其他位置合併，866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKkw0CFGTE0
防止條件3的達成。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwOTyT1gxNh
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS2A2wPaqNh
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxQHgAQdljO
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuDijOXCoMr
（圖5）用上滅活病毒疫苗的話，抗體的製作便會針對病毒的各個位置而進行。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRDyDTEILcu
基於並非所有抗體也能夠拼合在病毒的關鍵位置，不能夠阻礙病毒進入細胞的抗體，我們將稱之為Non-Neutralizing Antibody。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjOa2gocecm
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtWnd2PqZKT
不過，就算是Non-Neutralizing Antibody，它亦能有能力標示病毒，指引其他免疫細胞前來清滅病毒。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE0EQBtSoBa
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp0ZlfGFubw
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡssyLhDxOqp
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrSVi0GMhWq
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZyGJ4V5ige
（圖6）Non-Neutralizing Antibody的出現，將會引伸出一個名為Antibody Dependent Enhancement(ADE)的重要問題;866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlCE0CBPvSv
簡單來說，就是抗體適得其反地協助病毒入侵人體細胞。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtWjMz5s2lz
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkOEFV1weL1
免疫細胞的表面上，有著接收器識辨抗體的某個區域。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoKpwZNSBr9
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtBXWiyVbWm
但若果有過多Non-Neutralizing Antibody黏在病毒裡頭的話，病毒就有機會可以無視之前那3條法則，不需要經過ACE2，而是透過免疫細胞的表面上識辨抗體的接收器進入細胞。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsmKhzczdPH
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwVLj5E5pfB
換句話說，抗體在這情況下變相成為幫兇或者25仔，輔助病毒進入細胞，這現象我們稱之為ADE。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxGyrJvTaSV
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMvVhgrb70q
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBSDpYqHl8V
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxWpEKCdGgl
（圖7）武肺病毒進入細胞後，需要切割S protein才能夠開始進行繁殖工作。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvpN8KjX6BL
所以就算有Non-Neutralizing antibody做25仔，如果病毒幸運地有Neutralizing antibody保護S protein免受切割的話，病毒依舊無法作惡。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL0LOuFjs5g
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNGxkRyiKFX
但若果無Neutralizing antibody保護的話，病毒就會利用免疫細胞作為寄主，避開一切免疫機制，大量製造病毒。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn63cbqBu4G
情形就好像本身理應維護法紀的警察，突然之間搖身一變成為罪惡的溫床，窩藏及協助罪犯（病毒）滋生，導致情況一發不可收拾。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqgF7x7Ivqh
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwlnqDnHsC8
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEXGpzvig4s
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcebnUM13yn
（圖8）ADE這現象，科學家一直以來均有記錄及研究。（Ref4)866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlOSq6hrdpg
以登革熱為例，病人染上登革熱病毒(Dengue Virus)的話，身體便會製造登革熱病毒抗體。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpFqaivx8Dx
但基於登革熱病毒與寨卡病毒(Zika Virus)有頗為相似的地方，某部份的登革熱病毒抗體「幸運地」便成為寨卡病毒的Non-Neutralizing Antibody，透過ADE幫忙寨卡病毒入侵人體。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZVWy9imvCu
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWuioL34RGl
亦即是說，擁有登革熱病毒抗體的人反而更有機會受到寨卡病毒入侵。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡERAuiAjenD
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHmAhqukc5c
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwuwsZuWOnW
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP7P2cu70ju
（圖9）有研究指出，03年SARS病毒亦會依靠未曾上市的疫苗所產生出的Non-Neutralizing Antibody，不需經過ACE2便能入侵免疫細胞。（Ref5)866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP3DWfK1yMl
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGhgAYMMYMJ
武肺會否出現同樣現象，暫時尚未清楚。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTIjPnWBjvi
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFQFCFgHcHV
只不過各國進行Phase3中的疫苗，大多也是針對著武肺病毒S protein位置而設計，故此出現Non-Neutralizing antibody將會比用上整個武肺病毒而作為疫苗設計的那兩間公司為低，ADE的機率亦相對減少。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH4niaGJT37
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEdFabF1pvx
當然，另一方面來看，中國那兩間公司因為用上整個武肺病毒來設計疫苗，理論上所產生的抗體數量及濃度亦會為高，抵抗的效果亦會相對顯著，但ADE的機率出現亦會相對為高。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUUdaYktUkA
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJoVBh6GBOX
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS5IIyxauAW
美國Moderna已表示Phase3的報告將會探討ADE的可能，但願中國Sinovac及國營Sinopharm的Phase3報告，也會在ADE方面進行深入探討吧！866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9nCFFVt8jg
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2z6aP432sT
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEaD2hOPQCd
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa29Bzj0oeZ
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3Bp6aCjUxe
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMnbNWLRCou
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlR8GR5E9e5
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5VUvHs6kSE
Link:866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmb6Juzciqt
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHeMZ2BB6fL
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ68JC7JgOjK
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxxmVAhTLxe
有興趣接收科普資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiUb0uSpfzu
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGCO2ZSpcCy
866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx7dPT3VAFc
Ref2:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769612?fbclid=IwAR0sp9eU5V9FOzuLjz6ERw6LRFm-1yx3MJt1OEgqBDQKW1GA5mQeIIi5J7E866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBAcqRdWVO1
Ref3:https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6499/77?fbclid=IwAR29zOO06gVsQAC2jLU2uMJi-qcYbniz108Y4kcaWOr1iNuQyVM3jCFMHa4866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTanbmCorMv
Ref4:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2538-8.pdf866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBYc31bTdiW
Ref5:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115629/866Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡudoDfK9sLz
8964 copyright protection862ＰＥＮＡＮＡsRcNtFi1V8 維尼

216.73.217.1