非洲到而家163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡauV1hnvR9f
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVEPJv2BLjf
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtR3xFAxdog
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXHSnto3QX6
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3dTchaReO9
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUcB9aAoim8
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn4Do04PknU
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFdK3YcW84B
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyb4wNYLc5L
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBpEf7COJF7
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQSIuk57qUl
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt8YNxk8M1Q
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8KkzQypM5h
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlMkCduSRr5
1493年3月15日星期五中午 163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuJMbz2j2Tz
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEKFpLqVnUW
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn5AVDkUw5g
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbMw1CHgMhA
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡePvF3nnBQv
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMEInCIeMrl
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVUD8cd27No
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG7T5JzwMru
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlD2g8yjwok
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMJUslsO00r
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNiNlQp1omW
咁既然唔係亞洲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHQ0Bn238kX
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRtKWQAoVd5
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDkZE5UbDJb
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0ny38U5BiX
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKLJLw8Jh07
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7QcjWICK9u
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO1fQ93OVBI
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXdUx8TxoIa
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbiqynuxkka
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXAdOrGdZna
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvbtr5Cjqf3
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqVCKNIbCql
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6vR1YnWfZL
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb6RSXt6xF8
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqFJpNagb4J
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPpGJroz24t
同環繞赤道一周差唔多163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKsqLpjU8IO
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCB5FdZvhlB
萬一有咩阻滯163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZGOZB9yEj7
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK9iBc8wsls
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2jTJ8Z2YVV
就仆得街喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp4QzFh4iEb
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsBOaFcOd1e
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ07PEA3f62p
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5HBsPPwCC3
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpkrkFbsxvl
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡprockYSxsu
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡViC7vENxVs
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMOZu9ozZGf
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEXVrlmq2x7
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8PzwLIRTQv
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvxbB1FEuTW
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyl84nlVeZg
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIejCkbE8VJ
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHH4ijGfwtd
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAyG1j7G2GY
就算食到都消化不良啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbgf8DfwhbL
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站
163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3nlphSkJCP
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYTgRayc3IS
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSXWVb9b6hb
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJRItvmCsTZ
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9aD6yV98Zo
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEqf0yb6gtq
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwbnYrzb6ez
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUf4rJbe1jf
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCoxh9LhEC0
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5MCoMt5Ryv
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡthljebL729
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZzmzUKe5hi
美洲有耕地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2c1zNpO0up
非洲有人力163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbXFOtB28zi
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcaxhgcrpsf
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUligIKtmK6
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9pyX0JjqaL
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFQTDKFmkn5
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9Igk1EyGWM
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzuGPr813Ms
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1vc9JSAMDv
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4p4m5MjuKZ
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM0TpnXk3f6
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYlZNiyp85g
由此激發各國投入人力物力163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWLnrhVG4Rg
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX2lfT1R6Ud
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr4XW9n5oEl
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK4VAAGtvCL
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf7bFu3zUmy
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW7lSGaR38U
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa5CIbG5aLN
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6tIEvQmv8U為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2SWsaYvKFK
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq1J8SeLQ0b
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUOLG0Jdvi7
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzh73r8ga0F
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9GXwLMBqgl
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw7yDRmK2Al
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLvd2zK2can
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsBeyJqqiiN
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ22HE7G0NUo
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtiJzjSHm94
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWafOAINDKV
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzDwv36sCsV
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuQosdp78qN
準備選出新教宗喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhNFjXwUmV1
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ512y26AWsR
自16世紀起163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgCT3YzhSu1
呢個小圈子選舉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpxIrRMsE31
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH8Nv1fnxNB
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIXrIAHnb8h
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMZJbube3q7
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUMaQtHvdR8
有時仲會大打出手163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOimQ8iRdSr
好似1605年3月嗰次163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv8EIFVX4Eu
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnlx6NsFTU9
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTpAFMwPeLg
不過呢個唔係今集重點163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOYGrVyz7gH
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuMdynweAd8
我直接講個結果：163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm9oTyp4mMW
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvT7w29i46J
法號伍朋八世163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHtU4npcLA7
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRMsuNMAepe
…163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk5IqgznTX3
..163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvaLJbhNh3i
.163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnzOQCpsoBk
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZirzI55euA
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8w3fSrbdu0
佢地其實係病死嘅163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh1s3DXkm4Y
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl8Onyq8OFs
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNY6IG4kXwm
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4Z1HQEUb43
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡecuVNQ2wxI
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCXdmmBWPLq
係會令人發燒同病死163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7EkDnUW5dg
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdGFmrhrHQG
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwpGwEiOPjz
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIltMTcuULY
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUwLv18w1MY
帶返去羅馬本土喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡePeyAvI89H
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWEjj3QsWKa
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFc8GD5JS0A
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ55dnXiHjCd
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4wSNtHrQCc
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCyg9Kqbwv6
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSKTw3YbXCh
額我略十五世唔遲唔早163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1Bx6fFvCNv
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDutcFGkB8j
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjBnl7ATln7
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuTIYsN9k14
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZaKuoRYkJ3
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiGqYUEawLw
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk5h9ypW3xZ
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcAWMGkjrr4
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPjwgTuZoQI
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs8EUaS7ei5
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbF5mXOUsK4
真係唔醫好過醫163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0K2mJ0ewlN
不過喺呢個大航海時代163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhYNhhlpdhA
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0HxMheSqca
16世紀起163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxzcTxWHsyV
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKBJCdx85wl
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo0bc73mjkS
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ896w1ZYk1v
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDE7atUwqZ9
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnRXvDXWMZ0
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQHccnxLHpS
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡinwHV1NQ3g
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEr9c4EFlgl
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWG7MOq3Hgr
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuYCQ7wEB3k
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxnO8Ct3MHg
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOrY10FbW9i
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZHQMRS26sx
喺呢個地理大發現時代163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7GKRV5WOni
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD4mP3vYH14
呢個故事嘅主要成份163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6ybiKWuyr4
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPXZLvmAel7
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQeQVm7qddN
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWKtptP9nrM
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrun68x0YSS
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXMnimDN26F
咁有農地自然就要灌溉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSGS6aHqCBV
而灌溉自然就會有積水163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ4ospCPeyi
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2D2KplgGja
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSP0423lldo
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfFSeMwiHeY
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcQWSdfY65I
自16世紀中期起163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMrH4LGC4M8
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTPXoiRg64W
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡItkOPYgFNr
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNk1yMUj46k
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGvrCPPwPsq
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqaoTmxcRFU
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ19UuopRp8V
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB6UryIOTrC
如無意外163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE3fLDdOSlY
呢啲新興嘅殖民地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ52k02i2uVy
將會同羅馬一樣163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlLeRaJqPTs
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPlMCIZH9qT
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdM95JqZ3mn
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLRiSVH5UBQ
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwk3xnkYMyB
不過喺利馬163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBBwllx9Ru5
情況就有啲唔同163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZiuSF6Xm99
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUEtulht7C4
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjGjngkgdT3
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEdVFb8zgRo
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAzNKaONbM7
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlPfnI0LLao
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjkSZvoH2ba
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTlz6597gCc
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlEN6Mgxq2I
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb87mRiro60
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7q7qk6U0tf
不過喺嗰個年代163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ11NWGpwyE5
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡolt3iQo91X
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOKBfaBmYwB
其實當時耶穌會啲教士163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxzuwpmLBpi
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9J8EH25l2z
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGw4uzxFrNO
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOnXTIBaU5o
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2G0KvGU4rB
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPIbsza8ZnN
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYttG0gledi
因為會引起間歇性高燒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBvTfVRgCWt
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwoSIHf64pE
點知咁啱得咁橋163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9xSimxjPkm
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmIXfkJ5mLV
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDeGQDRwcsj
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSj0ypquBH4
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZCbK7Lac0Q
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwyr8VeEQks
最後喺1632年163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzaYopu9u0x
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMUGlHX7bgs
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrJulH3oVSg
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwQNqoeVAXw
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡokVpnQ0Mni
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCbsZzIKIvW
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxYeNNEgT6m
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4gf1t0G7J3
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7hHHSu68gq
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡktpPsiyP8J
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJnLrfK5zvM
遇到咩奇難雜症都好163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEzs1AnYhQD
只要將自己嘅問題163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡObO61cpGzD
變埋做其他人嘅問題163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH2doj2eDP7
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwMYgq0D3ZB
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡApeBPxNj2W
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs49bEbRvOh
佢發夢都唔會諗到163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg7ZIqPACY5
佢嗰個大轉移163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe2LWZM1Zp0
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq65EorvqBW
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡleAu6yFS6b
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ0lPAG59y0
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP9oZZ4Vv7o
視乎你從咩角度睇啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWlxRiEC3Yv
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡADCTdrBwRB
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCB5fzgDsb5
現實就係喺嗰時163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5uAd6okWE8
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnskLdzj7bN
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv3DhOghYb6
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR7q5x1Ixu7
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfxvLslO3ps
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGa1Mmuru6K
都只係數字嚟啫163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqp304PlsmQ
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCIr4OhkZUw
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUKrbQxZu3B
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzCeZBCYNEb
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTr9spUDO9p
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlwybQbxTF9
1）苦到仆街163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2Sla7ndWIL
2）有毒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6zkVMaVRyX
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy8ssxDNKhQ
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsCL4iIiz53
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTrph3COQoH
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9gK0f6IVSh
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn5Fz0MOebv
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe6idYmYg9T
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu2k2ogMpBY
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡahbdWTbt8i
以奎寧為例163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLFj65Jl8QB
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMxvdW2Ud07
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5KqH0GOoP6
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtUWW6l3bJL
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9KNoUxNyzR
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTOVzx4uV7J
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXisJrxSHbp
有時會唔夠藥效163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9SpAXOQEGY
有時又過量中毒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo4e3RBU7uT
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYbhXsJA9CD
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4tccEI4ilF
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK4BrulC41N
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqRkJbG2TkX
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG22YTp6sb7
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQBseUrpGXI
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoII3OVZRdR
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ22dAnpLVoi
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuM0pW1PtW5
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7sovU9oGTK
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEmFBGPoS61
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrNlRxnjnWi
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXN8cDirwKq
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡREp8xzfUX1
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVCAYpkOliK
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBqToFHWi1A
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbrXrP24z9H
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1AN0W1wIhM
喺名人效應下163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSjMLsT9dZk
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3HfuRsFM5d
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1vXJGOx6PN
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF6Tc8uUZKB
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder” 
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ99KMqnc346
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7b0XiRGNIR
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr2vEazG5tr
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXJusflZZez
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxcEYG8FL9x
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg6koTaLAiw
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJKnttZNMQB
要大規模應用喺平民度163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMZIeCXOMlr
係諗都唔使諗163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaEvgeCmL81
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrLJCFwYky4
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq2eyv3jaKp
正以前所未有嘅速度增長163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS1JZfTYHHG
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9KKUKCahFT
而研究出嚟嘅成果163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTSv09Q0ozO
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDSpwTp7tZS
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx3sDyiskco
人類了解世界嘅方式163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuRJmdmWzwS
再唔係好似以前咁163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6Rpkf5D8KF
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbUdEfGhhMk
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuzxZfBPGO1
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxSfWEoEWkc
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxnZoIODnFQ
自此無論係英王嘅御醫163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQEAEb5KSZB
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwEU7kpSCXT
只要有本藥典同個磅163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSJ5veXKB4Y
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs0ra5hoQEt
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE0wEyIvLLf
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiiUsKaOd3W
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ08qZk6Vpy
都深受瘧疾所困擾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa4TLYOeaIP
例如喺1836年163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjfrq0OcWbs
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW2PhCoBSpU
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrVxbudUMWw
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxOLCOdemZU
死亡率更高達6成半163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7XBL88Mt4H
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyCYy3ARQBn
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs0nP190c4L
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkurksLG4Pc
死亡率之高163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1O6yaMDsH0
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKW1o0LSz75
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVY8m7TNlc5
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK0kzglzhPd
到1860年左右163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw1ydSN4I0S
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLKmJnriIKt偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMMnIfvmv2p
奎寧供應大增163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡodzqfrZt7W
喺滿足咗本土需求後163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKzG9OW6Dx6
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKKgRr0y72V
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡubpnrdzMhD
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ67M9CSxgOK
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK522zLMnHi
原因就係奎寧實在太苦163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0Hk7LZ2l6F
可能你地會諗：冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmrEH4eo3dC
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrgZRbQPVHO
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLZC61wE7kz
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡovIuE4KIlN
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWlAZR6XYy6
就唔同咁講喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV8qhliZcie
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7w54sJmCpc
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNpbuPZc4Em
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCeEb8rskqB
服從性有幾高可想而知163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfUAF1LFvxM
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxShGTVnfxj
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ7TKhDrZEK
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVli0CDfb2Z
無疑係甘上加甘163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9iu1M2EOxT
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCq6jkW2MXf
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡheX9YTJIIR
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbdnSEIavTt
錢就使咗效果又冇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT1CSd5W3tO
咁點搞?163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHMcVN3XpEq
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnB52lONmep
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwikZuaEj6L
作為糖嘅發源地163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm8QPiVPcjf
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8FZfPkYYKc
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3RgLWC3rXf
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe1HWmF6WXQ
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsnxQ1l6mnJ
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUBuHR9GL6W
溶入高濃度糖水163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIMu6nPmAGc
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUrhl6B7Pfb
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhWTFvzV9r6
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyojgbASSh4
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDswQpdSgR4
啲軍官再進一步163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi4AbwYD9W4
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCyXNkAfaES
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
![[offtopic]](https://cdn.lihkg.com/assets/faces/normal/offtopic.gif)
163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjBIxxYlHNR
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnoBgAmrqUu
法國人曾經試過用紅酒163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1XJMCHYHZ0
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9fGCrWs1bO
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbixb0hzo82
味道完全唔融和163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb5nKr5dzh0
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAG3ttazmW8
後來研究發現163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡte7H7JVfJi
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡspEUINobIO
同奎寧結合成聚合體163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgXz4cE2YyF
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaNoXu8zfL6
呢個偶然嘅發現163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgkY2c7Nwu2
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCdFcW6Lazk
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoq2WoOPNFe
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa0riUHGe0i
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFQXuovmmbt
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXblBjmNjCn
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoIakWvnUkS
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0dV3hoTYyV
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBCtJhWEVA4
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk8VgWBmXg8
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1SczbR9lXH
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡutztF8XnFh
例如喺1875年163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWiqbKaERmo
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0u2RLa06pS
已經跌到去1.5%163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuCRUXRk12Q
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkHkZVJXUcs
下集會講吓163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡToVinXmumC
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQCajjirnGK
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCWDH48bpMJ
163Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMeStHx0rin
然後按「加至主畫面」