
非洲到而家251Please respect copyright.PENANActDNYzjtv9
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒251Please respect copyright.PENANApuNVKy1vCW
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?251Please respect copyright.PENANApAQSeWRavj
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic251Please respect copyright.PENANAWmgt438VJP
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題251Please respect copyright.PENANAmBvYwTsqXr
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先251Please respect copyright.PENANAgE3nIk7r9L
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後251Please respect copyright.PENANARmMogJPnWP
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗251Please respect copyright.PENANAvkCT16GSgs
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品251Please respect copyright.PENANAqAOke9cDFl
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高251Please respect copyright.PENANAI4QCpT7e9N
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅251Please respect copyright.PENANAuVu3ldk6ow
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙251Please respect copyright.PENANAFPEjwq2wHT
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下251Please respect copyright.PENANAgnCoxsSkcV
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙251Please respect copyright.PENANA4ASFqsZP1a
1493年3月15日星期五中午 251Please respect copyright.PENANAMfErJOPxqM
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸251Please respect copyright.PENANAZ6Op84njeI
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦251Please respect copyright.PENANANU4Qd1jlXh
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布251Please respect copyright.PENANAgvMdQbMiKm
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報251Please respect copyright.PENANAc8VFUQC8JO
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸251Please respect copyright.PENANAdHpc4DNprU
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網251Please respect copyright.PENANA6h8YWgf3wD
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAzZIzscpjuE
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞251Please respect copyright.PENANA4riuLFowCW
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸251Please respect copyright.PENANAsjOB019QyS
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)251Please respect copyright.PENANAHo9cjN5dBD
咁既然唔係亞洲251Please respect copyright.PENANAvgBOfVKe9f
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料251Please respect copyright.PENANAVqBDTmrwcO
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀251Please respect copyright.PENANA3J8xlBHBQ6
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦251Please respect copyright.PENANANrgbXwwW44
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下251Please respect copyright.PENANA1CZuCcBsZX
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇251Please respect copyright.PENANA96VmHvNDFB
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時251Please respect copyright.PENANA1P7SNyauwC
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地251Please respect copyright.PENANAzCegVJZxTx
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力251Please respect copyright.PENANA1RmPCjW2ZO
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累251Please respect copyright.PENANAqAIHT06ONN
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖251Please respect copyright.PENANAxtBsHs1yeq
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗251Please respect copyright.PENANAgFRWcrkCuv
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多251Please respect copyright.PENANAXtv2yvphK8
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易251Please respect copyright.PENANAAywV3NoM6T
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水251Please respect copyright.PENANARg4lIBlAgt
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度251Please respect copyright.PENANAGeG4PukTpY
同環繞赤道一周差唔多251Please respect copyright.PENANAQVQFuI1Ndt
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲251Please respect copyright.PENANArKrapwIYIk
萬一有咩阻滯251Please respect copyright.PENANADxJijYck2b
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道251Please respect copyright.PENANAKWqiDWleu5
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢251Please respect copyright.PENANAm1M7d33jEX
就仆得街喇251Please respect copyright.PENANA3psDDylNns
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年251Please respect copyright.PENANAPyCQqVFKui
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得251Please respect copyright.PENANANQ4Z0rF4m9
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天251Please respect copyright.PENANAvDsoIM8ck1
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非251Please respect copyright.PENANA3puGtxuVaX
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年251Please respect copyright.PENANAAKr74CtTKC
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生251Please respect copyright.PENANAckfznWL60o
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺251Please respect copyright.PENANAJyDI6LG1jx
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等251Please respect copyright.PENANA30RvHki9sH
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)251Please respect copyright.PENANAyfuNQAYFZH
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支251Please respect copyright.PENANAzEx8L8ozdA
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊251Please respect copyright.PENANAx3GtqJvS4N
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢251Please respect copyright.PENANA9YzpUhOlGf
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講251Please respect copyright.PENANAFaDuDhMVc8
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉251Please respect copyright.PENANADsOXhlXqYr
就算食到都消化不良啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAnhY3XrtOge
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站251Please respect copyright.PENANA8jF13pwcoK
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向251Please respect copyright.PENANA6N5OBqQPd8
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞251Please respect copyright.PENANAt1arhsm5cE
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多251Please respect copyright.PENANAAPIaitHRER
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:251Please respect copyright.PENANAEb6ooi9wDx
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢251Please respect copyright.PENANAB8frAur54B
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫251Please respect copyright.PENANAEfi4jyz6sy
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近251Please respect copyright.PENANAuDo3d2BRP8
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎251Please respect copyright.PENANAymgAp73d8j
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力251Please respect copyright.PENANA71Uu9wWh61
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁251Please respect copyright.PENANAX52pVYVV1K
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩251Please respect copyright.PENANA8vbw5u9nDb
美洲有耕地251Please respect copyright.PENANAa3iOSPppbK
非洲有人力251Please respect copyright.PENANAFqyGg6Z23Z
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心251Please respect copyright.PENANAxOKpy6reKY
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦251Please respect copyright.PENANAPU0r4PhV5A
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢251Please respect copyright.PENANA78ekkm9VSx
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼251Please respect copyright.PENANAshY3GomZXI
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢251Please respect copyright.PENANAeeRGkp5upU
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國251Please respect copyright.PENANApyd6B1aUp6
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAFyuJcuthMV
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行251Please respect copyright.PENANAbPCWemERfM
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣251Please respect copyright.PENANAJYDt59ECoG
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴251Please respect copyright.PENANAVmt272IZyh
由此激發各國投入人力物力251Please respect copyright.PENANA0jnwizngrT
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器251Please respect copyright.PENANAaRSalIRQjr
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船251Please respect copyright.PENANAJK60mNTNsK
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展251Please respect copyright.PENANAbnIIGiq7ve
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等251Please respect copyright.PENANAv9BlHkraIY
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話251Please respect copyright.PENANANshyHE9RhZ
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易251Please respect copyright.PENANAA5vecPkB5u
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲251Please respect copyright.PENANAAxencXz8LK為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度251Please respect copyright.PENANAW2jO8hv1bD
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:251Please respect copyright.PENANA0MwmL2hF13
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?251Please respect copyright.PENANA4QTnu9vYGf
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒251Please respect copyright.PENANAfmP7Cgrbz0
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀251Please respect copyright.PENANA4wpSjD10Vx
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢251Please respect copyright.PENANAX2wBWd73mf
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成251Please respect copyright.PENANAJNfwwg8Aep
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉251Please respect copyright.PENANApfm6UkE1vX
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現251Please respect copyright.PENANA6MbmgPyYvQ
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲251Please respect copyright.PENANAheLVmMjcGE
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉251Please respect copyright.PENANA6S2YUdXO20
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團251Please respect copyright.PENANATdXsVLf6Zi
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議251Please respect copyright.PENANAbGdnzyXAAb
準備選出新教宗喇251Please respect copyright.PENANApqqqzV29Uv
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖251Please respect copyright.PENANAyPSF2Bykwu
自16世紀起251Please respect copyright.PENANAsEHq8UA69A
呢個小圈子選舉251Please respect copyright.PENANAv3qNvdyIAw
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控251Please respect copyright.PENANA4g9TaZ61VY
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益251Please respect copyright.PENANACBRgl9qkqM
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營251Please respect copyright.PENANAogQ2Yl1yUw
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤251Please respect copyright.PENANAOwYxMQoFbq
有時仲會大打出手251Please respect copyright.PENANAjEtLuq2uMK
好似1605年3月嗰次251Please respect copyright.PENANAvbLMJck57l
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨251Please respect copyright.PENANADkZq9LXZhz
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈251Please respect copyright.PENANApu6d1ATf0A
不過呢個唔係今集重點251Please respect copyright.PENANABqdNJ36L8T
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇251Please respect copyright.PENANA3QHqhvhk9k
我直接講個結果:251Please respect copyright.PENANAdoWQVMNv8n
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗251Please respect copyright.PENANApJplxMNmik
法號伍朋八世251Please respect copyright.PENANAXb5u1RXkdj
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員251Please respect copyright.PENANAbYX5xjMGei
…251Please respect copyright.PENANAAyaOzzDWk5
..251Please respect copyright.PENANAZaubTfdk5Q
.251Please respect copyright.PENANAMIXbcDL18L
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???251Please respect copyright.PENANA0h4R1Q1wBe
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAufJdJY7zXx
佢地其實係病死嘅251Please respect copyright.PENANAFIrdA9Au3s
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"251Please respect copyright.PENANAUhfqLTRVw1
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇251Please respect copyright.PENANAUcAR46ryqP
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播251Please respect copyright.PENANAU90dWAkDLh
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時251Please respect copyright.PENANANoVoilODgI
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味251Please respect copyright.PENANADj921QUm31
係會令人發燒同病死251Please respect copyright.PENANAQLS08LGSDm
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾251Please respect copyright.PENANA74IKuTOUNd
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後251Please respect copyright.PENANAefltjBQxgF
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘251Please respect copyright.PENANAYPESKtMMJf
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體251Please respect copyright.PENANACag0jMjiHz
帶返去羅馬本土喇251Please respect copyright.PENANAa5lP4OZkfS
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶251Please respect copyright.PENANAPtmSPbEj7v
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖251Please respect copyright.PENANAsDZrMId8dD
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地251Please respect copyright.PENANA7o7X7ReprA
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣251Please respect copyright.PENANATO2HNrMYsg
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時251Please respect copyright.PENANA3d9d17YOV4
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命251Please respect copyright.PENANAgG9SywvIOP
額我略十五世唔遲唔早251Please respect copyright.PENANAlKORxRxaFP
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋251Please respect copyright.PENANAgOZxjsehdF
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇251Please respect copyright.PENANA9UocgqM0Vd
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世251Please respect copyright.PENANAR0DVk0xdPR
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召251Please respect copyright.PENANAtlsBSRkCXW
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAZZxNoDpljh
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病251Please respect copyright.PENANAlloJe7UVHV
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史251Please respect copyright.PENANA9aSiocO2d8
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAbHlc7NBYtV
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾251Please respect copyright.PENANAxwBc8Dbj0C
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法251Please respect copyright.PENANAJilojwNCkc
真係唔醫好過醫251Please respect copyright.PENANAMOXZlWCSax
不過喺呢個大航海時代251Please respect copyright.PENANAdNzx4tZl56
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢251Please respect copyright.PENANAxV5vhXnjHR
16世紀起251Please respect copyright.PENANAtaaOT6qzqW
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊251Please respect copyright.PENANA9wPxC56Gzq
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲251Please respect copyright.PENANA26ZrW918uD
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛251Please respect copyright.PENANA2cB1OK7xPc
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人251Please respect copyright.PENANAUrg3YOTMMo
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣251Please respect copyright.PENANAbz04xajVCs
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目251Please respect copyright.PENANA7IbfvTU4lf
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材251Please respect copyright.PENANA6jTIPuFE70
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英251Please respect copyright.PENANAcos9Wig2s2
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落251Please respect copyright.PENANAueepbpogH4
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAEtJDHqZ4Ay
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情251Please respect copyright.PENANAFTAssFY3q6
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....251Please respect copyright.PENANAMRYCPrf2vV
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸251Please respect copyright.PENANANWTI2dMFHE
喺呢個地理大發現時代251Please respect copyright.PENANA7hNzl5cY5T
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置251Please respect copyright.PENANAMbZfQwoai0
呢個故事嘅主要成份251Please respect copyright.PENANASLHDwOwmDy
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初251Please respect copyright.PENANAtkI8qMNF1x
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬251Please respect copyright.PENANAVaHiIFWuHK
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後251Please respect copyright.PENANAMh8X5wcqzt
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土251Please respect copyright.PENANAoGXpoX8dW3
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場251Please respect copyright.PENANApUBJ53x9aS
咁有農地自然就要灌溉251Please respect copyright.PENANApaByFquaoj
而灌溉自然就會有積水251Please respect copyright.PENANAPKaZ5h8HSS
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAtXFd4JnbV2
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲251Please respect copyright.PENANAKrOXYwNeFQ
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅251Please respect copyright.PENANAsusNo9JA3w
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大251Please respect copyright.PENANADsYfIurkKa
自16世紀中期起251Please respect copyright.PENANAyaDqD8j2ht
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上251Please respect copyright.PENANA1lAWyUhbLD
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼251Please respect copyright.PENANAkTGxOp6Ksk
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇251Please respect copyright.PENANAXTGuWvHM2U
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外251Please respect copyright.PENANAgOzcR5h7Ov
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲251Please respect copyright.PENANAjKahKcJ3pS
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆251Please respect copyright.PENANAGmRLcmf2fJ
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯251Please respect copyright.PENANAGdHnAP0PiC
如無意外251Please respect copyright.PENANA7sPZ3QVYxm
呢啲新興嘅殖民地251Please respect copyright.PENANAgfyyPvneod
將會同羅馬一樣251Please respect copyright.PENANAZwTcaVlzW3
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒251Please respect copyright.PENANAGqT2rP0yCF
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地251Please respect copyright.PENANAG4CUrOqpfh
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士251Please respect copyright.PENANAbihaIRTGW7
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾251Please respect copyright.PENANA0QU9rc4tFv
不過喺利馬251Please respect copyright.PENANArjOFbMto7t
情況就有啲唔同251Please respect copyright.PENANAX22RK6RzMC
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情251Please respect copyright.PENANAbJJeXcA7w5
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多251Please respect copyright.PENANA3sEHIUQqgm
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"251Please respect copyright.PENANAmPhABIel0G
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女251Please respect copyright.PENANAhlrn8g5cEm
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)251Please respect copyright.PENANA5BNzVVm7vM
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)251Please respect copyright.PENANAMzNVCsvbNo
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人251Please respect copyright.PENANANviqL8CfDd
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"251Please respect copyright.PENANAV0HP1Jb1hu
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾251Please respect copyright.PENANAx2iDsYSjas
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAV5ZlEQWmjt
不過喺嗰個年代251Please respect copyright.PENANA2QPWAJF5Me
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法251Please respect copyright.PENANA5cIN4FJdIb
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫251Please respect copyright.PENANAJbB3AnyRKT
其實當時耶穌會啲教士251Please respect copyright.PENANAvr0NT0nXtQ
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥251Please respect copyright.PENANA54DktQiVwI
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載251Please respect copyright.PENANARt8CeYBAT2
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩251Please respect copyright.PENANAjKZolW8crg
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾251Please respect copyright.PENANAPjZiGsF52M
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋251Please respect copyright.PENANA8cIUrgJbBW
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時251Please respect copyright.PENANAut41qiqIjW
因為會引起間歇性高燒251Please respect copyright.PENANAGypOTmwFgp
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAB2KAKlYDed
點知咁啱得咁橋251Please respect copyright.PENANAN88TawE2r1
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲251Please respect copyright.PENANAXIRy7P2i78
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾251Please respect copyright.PENANAbi5O7qceer
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練251Please respect copyright.PENANAUjhehpLayK
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下251Please respect copyright.PENANAfGh5qBudyn
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用251Please respect copyright.PENANAgm4bJyDjhr
最後喺1632年251Please respect copyright.PENANAT9Xh73nJXW
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬251Please respect copyright.PENANAqPv8Zj7ybF
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效251Please respect copyright.PENANA0INiuDsfui
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥251Please respect copyright.PENANAvewjt9ya1D
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"251Please respect copyright.PENANAOPeMSAvdQZ
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇251Please respect copyright.PENANALXQJ3rO8fn
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜251Please respect copyright.PENANAr4rkj26Zqr
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅251Please respect copyright.PENANAHv5xzdXBOL
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾251Please respect copyright.PENANARp74lGVaZ9
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話251Please respect copyright.PENANAkoU0QX9kJH
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地251Please respect copyright.PENANA7r9FcjSqds
遇到咩奇難雜症都好251Please respect copyright.PENANA6ikTti8Aeo
只要將自己嘅問題251Please respect copyright.PENANAQ6qmEBaECK
變埋做其他人嘅問題251Please respect copyright.PENANAQ6DRe7lUJl
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決251Please respect copyright.PENANAtNlMdlI0yU
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解251Please respect copyright.PENANAYluNkLayEn
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅251Please respect copyright.PENANARcaDeYZQmR
佢發夢都唔會諗到251Please respect copyright.PENANA4ostPXWd6f
佢嗰個大轉移251Please respect copyright.PENANAQcXOxBFVDK
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAP1PWLGWIRr
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒251Please respect copyright.PENANA7TTrW6Ycrm
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥251Please respect copyright.PENANALgO5DcvxLe
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利251Please respect copyright.PENANApndKA5lzDm
視乎你從咩角度睇啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAP5DOqKSQb4
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG251Please respect copyright.PENANAl4Lvyv9Iry
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失251Please respect copyright.PENANAiB509LH7LN
現實就係喺嗰時251Please respect copyright.PENANAQExmW6lIW3
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴251Please respect copyright.PENANA3VflKtfZPt
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾251Please respect copyright.PENANAvDgr4kgGIN
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工251Please respect copyright.PENANAnhma6fnXCa
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅251Please respect copyright.PENANAsfo4t6Zuvb
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣251Please respect copyright.PENANAoQ0jUwBV3W
都只係數字嚟啫251Please respect copyright.PENANA6eczwHtnsm
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講251Please respect copyright.PENANA9YmaIKHPki
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題251Please respect copyright.PENANAUJauoGwfi2
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣251Please respect copyright.PENANAecY9umTRCe
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼251Please respect copyright.PENANARJnDbyy5lk
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:251Please respect copyright.PENANALF2QLEgJhO
1)苦到仆街251Please respect copyright.PENANACRYYFkep70
2)有毒251Please respect copyright.PENANAiSrPmUpfz9
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAufZtmxLjwj
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇251Please respect copyright.PENANARUyHIhRYw5
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人251Please respect copyright.PENANAwfoOoGYOgh
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法251Please respect copyright.PENANABo6P3Y0Qig
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水251Please respect copyright.PENANAiTgmg20s7F
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下251Please respect copyright.PENANAruIDUNZbXb
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?251Please respect copyright.PENANAew5dLzHhd9
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇251Please respect copyright.PENANA0qbcdIrLVE
以奎寧為例251Please respect copyright.PENANAznrn0QFNs3
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種251Please respect copyright.PENANAUCXeQqogNd
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同251Please respect copyright.PENANAyjIidfe3KV
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟251Please respect copyright.PENANAMZVUr6OVKJ
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知251Please respect copyright.PENANAAg48rQxUh1
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉251Please respect copyright.PENANAJEE5IGHdAh
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑251Please respect copyright.PENANAB4zJkbVfPv
有時會唔夠藥效251Please respect copyright.PENANArKIpdLkLZO
有時又過量中毒251Please respect copyright.PENANAVsyPRjezGm
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲251Please respect copyright.PENANAYAjfKP3aQe
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?251Please respect copyright.PENANAV5tZfnnJmf
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇251Please respect copyright.PENANATOrf50A22D
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為251Please respect copyright.PENANARagOEcMtIg
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉251Please respect copyright.PENANA3gA99tUIb0
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀251Please respect copyright.PENANASwe6KQAgPL
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾251Please respect copyright.PENANAZiUzZLI5cA
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇251Please respect copyright.PENANAFi6yQ8BON3
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 251Please respect copyright.PENANAdXDZxX2kWD
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲251Please respect copyright.PENANAmPP4KTPAxQ
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥251Please respect copyright.PENANAwkY4T1T7sV
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒251Please respect copyright.PENANANe9n4UdKFS
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫251Please respect copyright.PENANAznkoJb9ku3
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候251Please respect copyright.PENANAHkuR9PgQeF
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦251Please respect copyright.PENANAqd8DtQ3oWr
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升251Please respect copyright.PENANAskf9FgVbA0
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少251Please respect copyright.PENANAGpSWDlPUwG
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命251Please respect copyright.PENANAjGVsEHYJWR
喺名人效應下251Please respect copyright.PENANAAOq01tjAlX
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”251Please respect copyright.PENANAhHoUIXLuGQ
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇251Please respect copyright.PENANAths4DAha7y
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告251Please respect copyright.PENANAuIf6Hv8iXA
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder”
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋251Please respect copyright.PENANAF9De3fiIqA
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子251Please respect copyright.PENANAgKQt0SZQ5i
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”251Please respect copyright.PENANAZp17yVf2gw
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇251Please respect copyright.PENANAj8xB6VHMVt
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限251Please respect copyright.PENANAxrYX7tMSeJ
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士251Please respect copyright.PENANAW4wVDUc3tv
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾251Please respect copyright.PENANA0SQjzEjrJC
要大規模應用喺平民度251Please respect copyright.PENANAiVWPv6aZAe
係諗都唔使諗251Please respect copyright.PENANAaSIbSbUQ7l
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限251Please respect copyright.PENANAkh9eXA3Vcb
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識251Please respect copyright.PENANAXKuFW7zEPM
正以前所未有嘅速度增長251Please respect copyright.PENANAKFejudbnyu
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源251Please respect copyright.PENANAtsBHpRGz0T
而研究出嚟嘅成果251Please respect copyright.PENANAPrWkRjHXEH
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤251Please respect copyright.PENANASveQUm7N3s
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時251Please respect copyright.PENANA2GXyFGRHjZ
人類了解世界嘅方式251Please respect copyright.PENANAJvYpAB34Ak
再唔係好似以前咁251Please respect copyright.PENANAg5migBKzn1
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇251Please respect copyright.PENANA0f4F02byLY
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡251Please respect copyright.PENANA2R9ffbD3On
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托251Please respect copyright.PENANAS1VWYcshv7
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧251Please respect copyright.PENANAqKaISjG8PG
自此無論係英王嘅御醫251Please respect copyright.PENANAtxxglrLlHZ
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官251Please respect copyright.PENANAvzKCtRZ1OP
只要有本藥典同個磅251Please respect copyright.PENANAJv9Vyi1qPp
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇251Please respect copyright.PENANAUALiCEkdb1
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票251Please respect copyright.PENANAxCC3bOicaL
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要251Please respect copyright.PENANAlPpWpqpMDs
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地251Please respect copyright.PENANAG9vMvg4JMw
都深受瘧疾所困擾251Please respect copyright.PENANA03e0sEna7V
例如喺1836年251Please respect copyright.PENANASsHxt4BQWN
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂251Please respect copyright.PENANAFuQrrLXAGC
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡251Please respect copyright.PENANAJk1MOYT2Jq
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)251Please respect copyright.PENANApJ4xjnvjw9
死亡率更高達6成半251Please respect copyright.PENANAtmCEQMPjJK
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾251Please respect copyright.PENANAegJSsfHtiu
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲251Please respect copyright.PENANAilbbZHNgFx
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成251Please respect copyright.PENANAuGZfYIu7WU
死亡率之高251Please respect copyright.PENANAo2aJRdNkOo
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”251Please respect copyright.PENANA0EOLig7C3V
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化251Please respect copyright.PENANAx4HxQL6TCb
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定251Please respect copyright.PENANAwS5bcMBXCx
到1860年左右251Please respect copyright.PENANAxTLBK32XUP
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯251Please respect copyright.PENANA662QH7AdrE偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園251Please respect copyright.PENANAoJlB3PAXyY
奎寧供應大增251Please respect copyright.PENANAxFedPeo4KD
喺滿足咗本土需求後251Please respect copyright.PENANAY12bushoGH
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧251Please respect copyright.PENANAdCMUTDa5te
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用251Please respect copyright.PENANAbLJf8rrk2J
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題251Please respect copyright.PENANAbdZM6NnIIC
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥251Please respect copyright.PENANApxet1ioG01
原因就係奎寧實在太苦251Please respect copyright.PENANAPfUjvdhCh6
可能你地會諗:冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛251Please respect copyright.PENANA2yRB3P0A05
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題251Please respect copyright.PENANAFjrv3oMMSG
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話251Please respect copyright.PENANAmSkkAyt8qN
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食251Please respect copyright.PENANATtiOhlVbO6
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?251Please respect copyright.PENANA84EzJQlzsL
就唔同咁講喇251Please respect copyright.PENANA7pCvjXiNMa
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵251Please respect copyright.PENANAcYY3X9tIyN
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉251Please respect copyright.PENANAQYdJD8pt28
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病251Please respect copyright.PENANAn1xP7gCjV9
服從性有幾高可想而知251Please respect copyright.PENANAXO8WXIZYzp
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫251Please respect copyright.PENANAmqLPmnThUk
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話251Please respect copyright.PENANA4JlkEWc2y4
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講251Please respect copyright.PENANAyy7GjnlqXn
無疑係甘上加甘251Please respect copyright.PENANAAEMP7SkPrC
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢251Please respect copyright.PENANA01M8VPFQGQ
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000251Please respect copyright.PENANALw54D4Rnui
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度251Please respect copyright.PENANAZZ1n6JKD2n
錢就使咗效果又冇251Please respect copyright.PENANAccDroYGeiE
咁點搞?251Please respect copyright.PENANAYyLpi7wWW0
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”251Please respect copyright.PENANAV6MoGGZ7an
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案251Please respect copyright.PENANAv30tVjtI84
作為糖嘅發源地251Please respect copyright.PENANAXJ9mrsSCbW
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像251Please respect copyright.PENANAPs3F5WZUWU
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右251Please respect copyright.PENANAhSFjjQhFLU
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官251Please respect copyright.PENANAP30uHl6mQa
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:251Please respect copyright.PENANA4nhMoukNis
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧251Please respect copyright.PENANAYeCdLTxGNN
溶入高濃度糖水251Please respect copyright.PENANAgVZuq1VrqE
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮251Please respect copyright.PENANAhIUaRKAaR5
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿251Please respect copyright.PENANAKqLoe1Nno5
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度251Please respect copyright.PENANAOM1weOlZWx
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇251Please respect copyright.PENANABxFUA1asab
啲軍官再進一步251Please respect copyright.PENANARb8TUg1jgv
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒251Please respect copyright.PENANAJEN4OZqpTI
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
251Please respect copyright.PENANANxxAhlBUxH
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆251Please respect copyright.PENANAhca6MfWU0V
法國人曾經試過用紅酒251Please respect copyright.PENANAxBBLA6MG9g
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪251Please respect copyright.PENANAy3Imx5Rjzr
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水251Please respect copyright.PENANAHumdFICqCG
味道完全唔融和251Please respect copyright.PENANAYLmF5pNmzQ
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味251Please respect copyright.PENANABrZGviZZjt
後來研究發現251Please respect copyright.PENANAzi3EevVsLO
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份251Please respect copyright.PENANAfunelyDjQy
同奎寧結合成聚合體251Please respect copyright.PENANAyIQBhIJfKW
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道251Please respect copyright.PENANA2iWabK0ty4
呢個偶然嘅發現251Please respect copyright.PENANAkUG8PO7yNH
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎251Please respect copyright.PENANABhq3vqropk
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵251Please respect copyright.PENANA8X6VWHNw0Y
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧251Please respect copyright.PENANAEW1ueuKfC2
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥251Please respect copyright.PENANA6mFwSCB3CF
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品251Please respect copyright.PENANAuk0AjW6OpG
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度251Please respect copyright.PENANAyp1ae6cm5y
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品251Please respect copyright.PENANA5syaqpvO21
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)251Please respect copyright.PENANAGF0u4E7Iw0
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水251Please respect copyright.PENANAdUfRWVxrz7
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水251Please respect copyright.PENANArn4JgTLDxY
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命251Please respect copyright.PENANADAIWssbqB8
例如喺1875年251Please respect copyright.PENANA3dOYQbdUpl
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率251Please respect copyright.PENANAZtVOLoMHNj
已經跌到去1.5%251Please respect copyright.PENANAYTt50pIfAj
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面251Please respect copyright.PENANAoMb7b4flUJ
下集會講吓251Please respect copyright.PENANAl3Gjsftvff
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥251Please respect copyright.PENANA4s5R0PJ4TO
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運251Please respect copyright.PENANA42IjDF3YGY251Please respect copyright.PENANAXIIVrqc2tJ