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通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗113Please respect copyright.PENANAT5UNjFSqkR
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買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高113Please respect copyright.PENANA9j1yvx4voM
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就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙113Please respect copyright.PENANAZgduzN0zJt
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下113Please respect copyright.PENANAs1f1sv6jvs
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙113Please respect copyright.PENANAdOABhcQURr
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哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸113Please respect copyright.PENANARV2fNNETdn
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦113Please respect copyright.PENANATQCZvrZxf7
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布113Please respect copyright.PENANAYVsEweOW1q
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華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸113Please respect copyright.PENANA0aFBlCD1hm
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網113Please respect copyright.PENANAx9NmhtQK0U
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞113Please respect copyright.PENANAAhD6pVHaN1
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸113Please respect copyright.PENANArU0qeO2mku
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咁既然唔係亞洲113Please respect copyright.PENANAiBRADlwJMp
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料113Please respect copyright.PENANA2nNjHEh9WF
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀113Please respect copyright.PENANAG7yphoceVb
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦113Please respect copyright.PENANAd2KLDJW39i
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下113Please respect copyright.PENANAR7mMz4b1DO
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇113Please respect copyright.PENANACcIeA8SZhW
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時113Please respect copyright.PENANAYzG1F6X2PE
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地113Please respect copyright.PENANADt9T35PKol
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力113Please respect copyright.PENANAo1ag3NG0xn
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累113Please respect copyright.PENANA249Ztki9Si
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖113Please respect copyright.PENANAyGZpAChYgP
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗113Please respect copyright.PENANARceQ23cyXT
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多113Please respect copyright.PENANAIFld1GdyXr
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易113Please respect copyright.PENANAnCaKNpLZfI
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水113Please respect copyright.PENANAqtMxRgpT3N
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度113Please respect copyright.PENANAkTpm5zMy2Q
同環繞赤道一周差唔多113Please respect copyright.PENANAud85vK4TNz
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢113Please respect copyright.PENANAXMZdL26KYm
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成隊船要喺東非呆等半年113Please respect copyright.PENANAlmAZMq91R9
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得113Please respect copyright.PENANAkCVjzuXIZr
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天113Please respect copyright.PENANA8IrBtbAg7G
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非113Please respect copyright.PENANAmVRGxkDxFD
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年113Please respect copyright.PENANAKfIQxTwif0
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生113Please respect copyright.PENANA0Kol0bdfBy
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺113Please respect copyright.PENANAXWACiIG3NU
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等113Please respect copyright.PENANAHyKe5gKeb0
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)113Please respect copyright.PENANACPdyF4stF5
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支113Please respect copyright.PENANANFxPOt6fB2
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊113Please respect copyright.PENANAtGVZfzYy8P
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢113Please respect copyright.PENANAaIOFHgVpe6
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講113Please respect copyright.PENANAljpzsLxCTD
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉113Please respect copyright.PENANAe9vyoD8RpV
就算食到都消化不良啦113Please respect copyright.PENANAnI5OryDYnM
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站113Please respect copyright.PENANAuIoTahZGo6
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向113Please respect copyright.PENANAQBT3YkQBFg
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞113Please respect copyright.PENANAIFDNFfKuWZ
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多113Please respect copyright.PENANAyCwpSnhlsZ
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:113Please respect copyright.PENANAHlNxuEpslB
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢113Please respect copyright.PENANAntLHjT2xcf
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫113Please respect copyright.PENANAykSX7Xbtof
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近113Please respect copyright.PENANASyB39L4c7x
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎113Please respect copyright.PENANAJfXgRanJsI
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力113Please respect copyright.PENANAxqa3Xu8opt
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁113Please respect copyright.PENANAIjxTTdhrfN
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩113Please respect copyright.PENANAuaPRivsDqE
美洲有耕地113Please respect copyright.PENANAYYQaHXX5LY
非洲有人力113Please respect copyright.PENANA2m4huxx9cW
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心113Please respect copyright.PENANAgvXGBfzQ5x
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦113Please respect copyright.PENANA11kI2jBtob
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢113Please respect copyright.PENANAbMrfIBpcjI
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼113Please respect copyright.PENANApW3jxyXOFw
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢113Please respect copyright.PENANA1li42r0BiA
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國113Please respect copyright.PENANAuooVa46xY7
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦113Please respect copyright.PENANA0OVti5oj5o
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行113Please respect copyright.PENANADIdk847685
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣113Please respect copyright.PENANA55PfUcuQlo
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴113Please respect copyright.PENANAHcAPlZIYDr
由此激發各國投入人力物力113Please respect copyright.PENANARgx85wPUFp
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器113Please respect copyright.PENANApxDY1VYtin
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船113Please respect copyright.PENANA6ISUp5cwEy
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展113Please respect copyright.PENANAmh8uM26hzH
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等113Please respect copyright.PENANAIsJ453uVmO
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話113Please respect copyright.PENANA8kCL5bdOjP
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易113Please respect copyright.PENANAwqmZIQRc1r
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲113Please respect copyright.PENANAaRJz6GJ7dN為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度113Please respect copyright.PENANAyRtoMA8WER
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:113Please respect copyright.PENANAeQeqmWbYMN
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?113Please respect copyright.PENANAmTjCJo54ye
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒113Please respect copyright.PENANAIr9lySfhWu
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀113Please respect copyright.PENANA1jlZpbURzm
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢113Please respect copyright.PENANAGivauGe33y
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成113Please respect copyright.PENANAmSHGT9OQR3
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉113Please respect copyright.PENANAsHuVMzZU3d
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現113Please respect copyright.PENANAnbEE6kIZwF
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲113Please respect copyright.PENANAI9Smmq9t9T
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉113Please respect copyright.PENANAruPZzt3xQA
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團113Please respect copyright.PENANAeOqJHHiElf
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議113Please respect copyright.PENANAIJbeFoJLmB
準備選出新教宗喇113Please respect copyright.PENANAug635bV97n
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖113Please respect copyright.PENANAOK7v2JtFog
自16世紀起113Please respect copyright.PENANAM6Gsz4LLWa
呢個小圈子選舉113Please respect copyright.PENANAkBupBYUCt7
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控113Please respect copyright.PENANAUxflwWlF5Y
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益113Please respect copyright.PENANAF8MvYXC2vM
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營113Please respect copyright.PENANAcgOsj10qJj
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤113Please respect copyright.PENANAe0oR89XBtd
有時仲會大打出手113Please respect copyright.PENANAj3EiJ7yVio
好似1605年3月嗰次113Please respect copyright.PENANAvMNKZ81AfC
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨113Please respect copyright.PENANAXZF71lh3Jd
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈113Please respect copyright.PENANAr597QndbIG
不過呢個唔係今集重點113Please respect copyright.PENANALG1a6mULqC
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇113Please respect copyright.PENANAmKIpOPZfXD
我直接講個結果:113Please respect copyright.PENANAmJ17hszLxt
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗113Please respect copyright.PENANAswxFVNfVex
法號伍朋八世113Please respect copyright.PENANAnCfOpKnBGZ
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員113Please respect copyright.PENANADyj5SPDnGK
…113Please respect copyright.PENANA9XbRQnw8L6
..113Please respect copyright.PENANAPco0yK6QNc
.113Please respect copyright.PENANA7NYAIAQXp9
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???113Please respect copyright.PENANA1VuTAaED0Q
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦113Please respect copyright.PENANAx57QPmTGhI
佢地其實係病死嘅113Please respect copyright.PENANARmCJrxFWHw
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"113Please respect copyright.PENANAiG9BvqjslY
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇113Please respect copyright.PENANAUxBvNSzs6n
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播113Please respect copyright.PENANArvU0y1yfxs
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時113Please respect copyright.PENANAN6vNAxm7wc
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味113Please respect copyright.PENANAnxFVc4YONt
係會令人發燒同病死113Please respect copyright.PENANAt6atFOSAqo
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾113Please respect copyright.PENANAibVgMgJOFa
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後113Please respect copyright.PENANAVmg6n0w5Ik
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘113Please respect copyright.PENANAHVM5O03FSw
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體113Please respect copyright.PENANAZ2dvwAznyK
帶返去羅馬本土喇113Please respect copyright.PENANALN84DZn2XZ
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶113Please respect copyright.PENANAJ2lo6aL668
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖113Please respect copyright.PENANA5szQy73peW
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地113Please respect copyright.PENANAdsrfWi5Sv9
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣113Please respect copyright.PENANAAPtmN1QRN4
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時113Please respect copyright.PENANAY8aXkTkYWn
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命113Please respect copyright.PENANAp8jd4qEkB7
額我略十五世唔遲唔早113Please respect copyright.PENANANdANYJn0PK
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋113Please respect copyright.PENANAN724dsMLN2
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇113Please respect copyright.PENANAoaZCDdHx6P
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世113Please respect copyright.PENANAjyRW55IHJt
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召113Please respect copyright.PENANAbJGWjDIvdI
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦113Please respect copyright.PENANAOwQUn5Mgmf
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病113Please respect copyright.PENANAXxL2Kez5Zm
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史113Please respect copyright.PENANADWsKr3GKEg
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦113Please respect copyright.PENANAHOhWz9hl7B
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾113Please respect copyright.PENANA4foSty88NV
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法113Please respect copyright.PENANAHb5ltSBVEE
真係唔醫好過醫113Please respect copyright.PENANAPmgZj0rCxf
不過喺呢個大航海時代113Please respect copyright.PENANAyxzBwkIO4M
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢113Please respect copyright.PENANAWf9zyUZt7W
16世紀起113Please respect copyright.PENANALc3znKrZcr
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊113Please respect copyright.PENANAlc1ht8yV2T
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲113Please respect copyright.PENANAHeCgFvNcr4
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛113Please respect copyright.PENANA8NDr7fx9uc
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人113Please respect copyright.PENANAgH1czBuDzU
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣113Please respect copyright.PENANAdX0OdKcOGK
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目113Please respect copyright.PENANA4hrYoKimd5
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材113Please respect copyright.PENANAd9bgfEFhfP
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英113Please respect copyright.PENANA3P9yiIK1g4
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落113Please respect copyright.PENANAWNBXMhjcNf
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦113Please respect copyright.PENANApVSOMqJHbX
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情113Please respect copyright.PENANApKQif7XJNz
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....113Please respect copyright.PENANAfXtCzpkG1O
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸113Please respect copyright.PENANA9VjdecqF1h
喺呢個地理大發現時代113Please respect copyright.PENANAAS6dFRKdQ2
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置113Please respect copyright.PENANAYuEinyXBH5
呢個故事嘅主要成份113Please respect copyright.PENANAeEbVev1yUj
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初113Please respect copyright.PENANAj1CTlOzN8F
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬113Please respect copyright.PENANAj5JyJpVO6e
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後113Please respect copyright.PENANA1bu8I9WXLi
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不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?113Please respect copyright.PENANACtUWhicArL
就唔同咁講喇113Please respect copyright.PENANAhYWNtzZ2KG
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵113Please respect copyright.PENANAdsZ4EzI3jD
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉113Please respect copyright.PENANAPtGr8bqMWc
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病113Please respect copyright.PENANAFb2CdI0Cvo
服從性有幾高可想而知113Please respect copyright.PENANAH6cgmKqElw
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫113Please respect copyright.PENANAqK8QuQElGL
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話113Please respect copyright.PENANAEL30wiNQmi
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講113Please respect copyright.PENANAGzaqgxFbxt
無疑係甘上加甘113Please respect copyright.PENANAhAcXiLmEgL
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢113Please respect copyright.PENANAb0fKLHtJT7
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000113Please respect copyright.PENANAGWhtmHQD8g
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度113Please respect copyright.PENANAeFQykJnhFO
錢就使咗效果又冇113Please respect copyright.PENANA49ePCJrEiG
咁點搞?113Please respect copyright.PENANA93DgEv5brN
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”113Please respect copyright.PENANAKKtf5f43SX
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案113Please respect copyright.PENANACXBg39Gpcj
作為糖嘅發源地113Please respect copyright.PENANAgU49yAj0jl
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像113Please respect copyright.PENANAlRNOzX73wD
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右113Please respect copyright.PENANANzd7gXw2c4
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官113Please respect copyright.PENANABEIQFhKq0n
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:113Please respect copyright.PENANAuSqn72i881
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧113Please respect copyright.PENANAMixU4GOhUu
溶入高濃度糖水113Please respect copyright.PENANA3QUxBk50cF
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮113Please respect copyright.PENANA64ZrMNfJtJ
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿113Please respect copyright.PENANAw6h61Kmm44
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度113Please respect copyright.PENANAnCRrc46mcC
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇113Please respect copyright.PENANAgYHbRRH1rk
啲軍官再進一步113Please respect copyright.PENANALR4Qmy6uz4
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒113Please respect copyright.PENANASmF7J2wDmm
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
113Please respect copyright.PENANAhXWYhYM0rN
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆113Please respect copyright.PENANAUJsiqLcyCi
法國人曾經試過用紅酒113Please respect copyright.PENANA5fKpBnZACc
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪113Please respect copyright.PENANAQ8LYzsWMXo
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水113Please respect copyright.PENANA2uguonj79X
味道完全唔融和113Please respect copyright.PENANAlIOnbXnPRY
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味113Please respect copyright.PENANA87Zc3RaHYD
後來研究發現113Please respect copyright.PENANAVlDIijiLnw
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份113Please respect copyright.PENANA89XCmOIxyq
同奎寧結合成聚合體113Please respect copyright.PENANAE6WF8V7UkX
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道113Please respect copyright.PENANAdI8qRz1z0y
呢個偶然嘅發現113Please respect copyright.PENANAF61dXz6UHw
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎113Please respect copyright.PENANAQeNSojtpAw
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵113Please respect copyright.PENANALUMqhTFTS2
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧113Please respect copyright.PENANAEEThCduU8u
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥113Please respect copyright.PENANAEhTtq2x91g
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品113Please respect copyright.PENANA1JTbPFOP4J
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度113Please respect copyright.PENANAIvtZ7FmT0a
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品113Please respect copyright.PENANAD8MAsvLfwq
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)113Please respect copyright.PENANA1TYR4xGsnY
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水113Please respect copyright.PENANA4Mj8QLt7HX
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水113Please respect copyright.PENANAkE74K4rgjl
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命113Please respect copyright.PENANAOszgD5BXCy
例如喺1875年113Please respect copyright.PENANACaZKPXbY7p
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率113Please respect copyright.PENANA9cwp9NuBay
已經跌到去1.5%113Please respect copyright.PENANANUW5ubB3lU
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面113Please respect copyright.PENANAT2OicCjd9c
下集會講吓113Please respect copyright.PENANAIIF8aOf4WA
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥113Please respect copyright.PENANAzBacnAqLOQ
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運113Please respect copyright.PENANAkiPnJ0WKyI113Please respect copyright.PENANAySFN0dLIHd