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就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙85Please respect copyright.PENANAqFpEaN3feB
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下85Please respect copyright.PENANAFZ9rKbw28s
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網85Please respect copyright.PENANAQrLY7heEKJ
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞85Please respect copyright.PENANA665lrrKULT
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自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料85Please respect copyright.PENANANTRt6tMvu0
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀85Please respect copyright.PENANA6Swq2T5Lgq
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦85Please respect copyright.PENANA6L6CdyUFWJ
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下85Please respect copyright.PENANAjfg9VZ3v4I
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇85Please respect copyright.PENANALDDZw1J18m
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時85Please respect copyright.PENANACcJTo6Y3wM
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地85Please respect copyright.PENANAtCADxht8cv
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力85Please respect copyright.PENANAvVaFnsyWlx
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累85Please respect copyright.PENANACVOnzqTsvN
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖85Please respect copyright.PENANAXxYkKvSxl1
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗85Please respect copyright.PENANAbiN23PuyIR
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多85Please respect copyright.PENANANiPRueLRhX
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易85Please respect copyright.PENANAxhHgLWvR4v
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水85Please respect copyright.PENANADmddr1LzfP
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度85Please respect copyright.PENANALAQyxhBE6W
同環繞赤道一周差唔多85Please respect copyright.PENANAlUA5ervcpL
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲85Please respect copyright.PENANAT8UyP4Ih0J
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢85Please respect copyright.PENANAMJqcqQrIg5
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成隊船要喺東非呆等半年85Please respect copyright.PENANAwVn8qtxEF1
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得85Please respect copyright.PENANASiXUuBZk4y
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天85Please respect copyright.PENANA8Eq7zdZRSQ
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非85Please respect copyright.PENANAX08ASTCmA7
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年85Please respect copyright.PENANAC1q2iBSoB6
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生85Please respect copyright.PENANAfTCknCxrIS
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺85Please respect copyright.PENANAY3gMp6QZSZ
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支85Please respect copyright.PENANAyC9GT5LBU3
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊85Please respect copyright.PENANAiqjQipMF9M
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢85Please respect copyright.PENANAXwDi2IM2lq
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講85Please respect copyright.PENANAMB412VufcB
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉85Please respect copyright.PENANAjJFFBe2CEE
就算食到都消化不良啦85Please respect copyright.PENANA50R1SdLHfX
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站85Please respect copyright.PENANAVgAYpvM3cs
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向85Please respect copyright.PENANAai9Vnm17Ko
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞85Please respect copyright.PENANAfUjMNfPVje
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多85Please respect copyright.PENANALq95o2XYYJ
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:85Please respect copyright.PENANAdNhpRk9gao
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢85Please respect copyright.PENANAQRutLJE6L7
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫85Please respect copyright.PENANA3hwQbaoFoL
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話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎85Please respect copyright.PENANANk4LUfcBtI
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力85Please respect copyright.PENANA7DWTIpYSuy
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁85Please respect copyright.PENANAfSjLbQf9oC
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩85Please respect copyright.PENANALWOEyhPtHI
美洲有耕地85Please respect copyright.PENANAz6VdhEAhUn
非洲有人力85Please respect copyright.PENANAA6sD6Qs9SG
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心85Please respect copyright.PENANAwvnX4SOSM7
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦85Please respect copyright.PENANAp0ekAG5D4z
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢85Please respect copyright.PENANAzSiDAibkMn
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼85Please respect copyright.PENANAhP3ddrsuSq
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢85Please respect copyright.PENANArL3K6tWhxB
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國85Please respect copyright.PENANA51lPrfVLO4
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦85Please respect copyright.PENANA6niMDzB95q
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行85Please respect copyright.PENANArjNLoznIn2
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣85Please respect copyright.PENANAamGAqzddpe
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴85Please respect copyright.PENANAApXU5q55gP
由此激發各國投入人力物力85Please respect copyright.PENANApN0u69NBYS
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器85Please respect copyright.PENANArkY9YN3fLb
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船85Please respect copyright.PENANAPalOSen8N8
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展85Please respect copyright.PENANATuGNjG5dz3
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如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話85Please respect copyright.PENANAMUmz2Xp5yX
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易85Please respect copyright.PENANA6YO3TBCZm8
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲85Please respect copyright.PENANAIqS1jwhQVP為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度85Please respect copyright.PENANAzZmaaED3o6
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:85Please respect copyright.PENANA1LHYCKrY7U
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?85Please respect copyright.PENANApOza5TY98J
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒85Please respect copyright.PENANA9iRNEdgbiJ
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀85Please respect copyright.PENANAlBi28N5FY4
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢85Please respect copyright.PENANAuNysZsIb7y
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成85Please respect copyright.PENANAlReXplD8l6
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉85Please respect copyright.PENANARKd8bMsXj1
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現85Please respect copyright.PENANADbFf33LG5k
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲85Please respect copyright.PENANAdExSbaM3Wj
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉85Please respect copyright.PENANAwAsy5OxAnX
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團85Please respect copyright.PENANA6AvlnXTiXd
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議85Please respect copyright.PENANAc35r8hNdgW
準備選出新教宗喇85Please respect copyright.PENANAntGG17CT50
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖85Please respect copyright.PENANAwxKDg5ddl0
自16世紀起85Please respect copyright.PENANAlKboJOrGTZ
呢個小圈子選舉85Please respect copyright.PENANAGb1JrlMHlS
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控85Please respect copyright.PENANAqkHDEArMjZ
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益85Please respect copyright.PENANA099UobJw20
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營85Please respect copyright.PENANA5cwtVYUrjc
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤85Please respect copyright.PENANALvZcqYsL9P
有時仲會大打出手85Please respect copyright.PENANApdIbt4lbkJ
好似1605年3月嗰次85Please respect copyright.PENANA2LJbjbNd3a
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨85Please respect copyright.PENANAraDNZZD31Q
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈85Please respect copyright.PENANADTCgLCKPPG
不過呢個唔係今集重點85Please respect copyright.PENANAXRSiACYdEl
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇85Please respect copyright.PENANAvvhEl8yiG2
我直接講個結果:85Please respect copyright.PENANAnpDL80FuCo
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗85Please respect copyright.PENANAVK4o9dYNYB
法號伍朋八世85Please respect copyright.PENANAiwu7Nmvu9w
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員85Please respect copyright.PENANAcci2ApyT32
…85Please respect copyright.PENANAXX1VJWRJle
..85Please respect copyright.PENANARfwY9d4wSe
.85Please respect copyright.PENANALWUAa2RkEn
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???85Please respect copyright.PENANATYF7xVhZ3N
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦85Please respect copyright.PENANA12rhc7fDQt
佢地其實係病死嘅85Please respect copyright.PENANAxbgWyhbmps
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"85Please respect copyright.PENANAvZ5iBkqOJw
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇85Please respect copyright.PENANAKtCJqpjJ65
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播85Please respect copyright.PENANAEEP3Q6s23D
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時85Please respect copyright.PENANAPMlZtlk6WN
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味85Please respect copyright.PENANAfFaRwfZmKm
係會令人發燒同病死85Please respect copyright.PENANAe4YyMZ6iZt
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾85Please respect copyright.PENANASDe6FeOubp
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後85Please respect copyright.PENANAj9rNzxpScu
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘85Please respect copyright.PENANAQSx84TK0jN
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體85Please respect copyright.PENANAT9rpsMN4kL
帶返去羅馬本土喇85Please respect copyright.PENANAIJ1707pKnQ
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶85Please respect copyright.PENANAAnkbbLyhMY
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖85Please respect copyright.PENANATQtDRvU7A4
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地85Please respect copyright.PENANAfMqWIeVqRB
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣85Please respect copyright.PENANA22kjEeyzVt
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時85Please respect copyright.PENANAxJqXQLYMlq
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命85Please respect copyright.PENANAjVS0680nLK
額我略十五世唔遲唔早85Please respect copyright.PENANA4jrDXShJnU
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋85Please respect copyright.PENANAHaJ9xXlRMd
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇85Please respect copyright.PENANAMhke28mBXB
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世85Please respect copyright.PENANAYipI7I4qyP
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召85Please respect copyright.PENANAilPxjVNoBE
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦85Please respect copyright.PENANARcg28vSDbX
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病85Please respect copyright.PENANAgSNRuwBdJh
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史85Please respect copyright.PENANAahfUNuYTfr
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦85Please respect copyright.PENANAPRcO2ncfxX
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾85Please respect copyright.PENANAFyYgmamDBw
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法85Please respect copyright.PENANAhDzP8A66d4
真係唔醫好過醫85Please respect copyright.PENANAuuMRi6lHJR
不過喺呢個大航海時代85Please respect copyright.PENANAxWWhYSOMOq
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢85Please respect copyright.PENANAShOIiFV58T
16世紀起85Please respect copyright.PENANAYQieFMmifh
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊85Please respect copyright.PENANA4KdI0I6lMy
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲85Please respect copyright.PENANAAH7A7n7sRw
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛85Please respect copyright.PENANA5EzHCX0A9N
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人85Please respect copyright.PENANAdby7dWq9ds
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣85Please respect copyright.PENANAavAUHvCDg9
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目85Please respect copyright.PENANAyucPbsrsjH
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材85Please respect copyright.PENANAhf9Ll7mdvk
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英85Please respect copyright.PENANA0HAyqK0j6w
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落85Please respect copyright.PENANAEqUWtFNZKm
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦85Please respect copyright.PENANAmTaZPbLgpU
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情85Please respect copyright.PENANArczkOklxF8
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....85Please respect copyright.PENANAUC97CxR10z
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸85Please respect copyright.PENANA73FZd0xXmn
喺呢個地理大發現時代85Please respect copyright.PENANACMbUCNYf74
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置85Please respect copyright.PENANAooPenWLD0f
呢個故事嘅主要成份85Please respect copyright.PENANAEFo5QYujxd
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初85Please respect copyright.PENANAStvJfNEblz
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬85Please respect copyright.PENANA9t7k8y11pv
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後85Please respect copyright.PENANA37iTg71rbK
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土85Please respect copyright.PENANADjTtHLeinz
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就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
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就唔同咁講喇85Please respect copyright.PENANA8zHsWljzJT
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵85Please respect copyright.PENANAX7f6rQCUAM
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉85Please respect copyright.PENANA5KQStThAZ8
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病85Please respect copyright.PENANAWS1WoJyoG8
服從性有幾高可想而知85Please respect copyright.PENANAxvc2vzORLO
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫85Please respect copyright.PENANAIlQQKdQizz
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話85Please respect copyright.PENANA3UXXUjTW0e
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講85Please respect copyright.PENANApZ3LP1l1ID
無疑係甘上加甘85Please respect copyright.PENANALXIVxzhOLR
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢85Please respect copyright.PENANAwfzYVN9zP7
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,00085Please respect copyright.PENANA67444qs7Gp
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度85Please respect copyright.PENANA83nBwZJOGw
錢就使咗效果又冇85Please respect copyright.PENANAMBLpsWSRMD
咁點搞?85Please respect copyright.PENANA3ZebMcsy2i
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”85Please respect copyright.PENANAWfCykgHWes
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案85Please respect copyright.PENANAapZk4q54dR
作為糖嘅發源地85Please respect copyright.PENANAmLAKP3pmb5
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像85Please respect copyright.PENANABMk33DWws9
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右85Please respect copyright.PENANAbyy7LCuP4K
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官85Please respect copyright.PENANAjN4Km0kK1w
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:85Please respect copyright.PENANAf6E1x7PS23
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧85Please respect copyright.PENANAEAFfIHrIdY
溶入高濃度糖水85Please respect copyright.PENANAr7FkrHsDO0
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮85Please respect copyright.PENANAF9RPZJfCrJ
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿85Please respect copyright.PENANAMNyLrumoY5
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度85Please respect copyright.PENANAv0m8k1GATc
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇85Please respect copyright.PENANAgiYSVtMVCL
啲軍官再進一步85Please respect copyright.PENANA1SjfrI3YO1
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒85Please respect copyright.PENANAtYePsgOBOI
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
85Please respect copyright.PENANAXtrJA4egUo
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆85Please respect copyright.PENANA748nZeyJsx
法國人曾經試過用紅酒85Please respect copyright.PENANAh53FaFNYXI
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪85Please respect copyright.PENANAeDu6YRscoi
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水85Please respect copyright.PENANASod6ES1QzV
味道完全唔融和85Please respect copyright.PENANAh8r3d6S3Uv
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味85Please respect copyright.PENANAWCmZA2xHzn
後來研究發現85Please respect copyright.PENANAdyzlgT238U
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份85Please respect copyright.PENANAvAVMU6KViB
同奎寧結合成聚合體85Please respect copyright.PENANAkElWKYvuFa
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道85Please respect copyright.PENANAWixLkz7qNN
呢個偶然嘅發現85Please respect copyright.PENANArmvAwwS4B3
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎85Please respect copyright.PENANAavTCmmOY3o
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵85Please respect copyright.PENANActBzpkuAVD
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧85Please respect copyright.PENANAMFO5BCxi61
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥85Please respect copyright.PENANAMCREyfOQfp
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品85Please respect copyright.PENANAz2MfO7fwGj
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度85Please respect copyright.PENANAfvF6pimYHX
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品85Please respect copyright.PENANASKOEqdAMNH
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)85Please respect copyright.PENANADpx0byAShB
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水85Please respect copyright.PENANAs3C8W2pKDk
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水85Please respect copyright.PENANA1XEpZWYdU1
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命85Please respect copyright.PENANASnL9T87GGW
例如喺1875年85Please respect copyright.PENANAYmIQZAHxcR
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率85Please respect copyright.PENANAFylgKVA8rB
已經跌到去1.5%85Please respect copyright.PENANAcb3lidoMIy
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面85Please respect copyright.PENANAxdHYvfbww9
下集會講吓85Please respect copyright.PENANA7WpmFmkw1b
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥85Please respect copyright.PENANAX1nyag1DA2
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運85Please respect copyright.PENANAFlXtmR4g6085Please respect copyright.PENANAnld5m9hiy8