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一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒255Please respect copyright.PENANARZCthFL2PX
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?255Please respect copyright.PENANAReUmVNJD3H
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic255Please respect copyright.PENANASgIgnnGzJU
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題255Please respect copyright.PENANAGbxvzRjqzx
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先255Please respect copyright.PENANAmZv93QPG1t
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後255Please respect copyright.PENANAVBUxDYtNSk
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗255Please respect copyright.PENANAF3HyVdFYg1
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品255Please respect copyright.PENANAyArzzJw3ML
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高255Please respect copyright.PENANAP3SIdn7z7p
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅255Please respect copyright.PENANAkhHyyq3Rkf
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙255Please respect copyright.PENANAlVd2dFKFTF
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下255Please respect copyright.PENANATl6MTEEL0S
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙255Please respect copyright.PENANA6zAT5uvYqQ
1493年3月15日星期五中午 255Please respect copyright.PENANA6nLO5nA6mi
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸255Please respect copyright.PENANA3fVWElhDbG
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦255Please respect copyright.PENANASCGeb04nyT
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布255Please respect copyright.PENANAuuGRLBDZqW
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報255Please respect copyright.PENANAHm3JVU2JBG
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸255Please respect copyright.PENANAQ6RcVGGvkO
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網255Please respect copyright.PENANA89OBzQGckT
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦255Please respect copyright.PENANAi80pfR51RW
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞255Please respect copyright.PENANAZTAdA6TH0t
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸255Please respect copyright.PENANA65HmdoW0AE
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)255Please respect copyright.PENANAAKmPl8Ug3M
咁既然唔係亞洲255Please respect copyright.PENANAQNa1cOUHMk
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料255Please respect copyright.PENANAcuQIbsUFtr
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀255Please respect copyright.PENANAq2ExnTDwkc
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦255Please respect copyright.PENANAmPbwoliibN
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下255Please respect copyright.PENANA9Ef8ABTpDt
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇255Please respect copyright.PENANAO7UwHeokoE
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時255Please respect copyright.PENANAvveHmroF0o
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地255Please respect copyright.PENANAmd9XYQaGOs
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力255Please respect copyright.PENANAoW1Bec1VSK
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累255Please respect copyright.PENANARi4h4XkXvx
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖255Please respect copyright.PENANAgmLEnDfWWh
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗255Please respect copyright.PENANA47xBLYxbHP
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多255Please respect copyright.PENANAI14dzm4cBn
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易255Please respect copyright.PENANAE9emk6wUQE
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水255Please respect copyright.PENANAAkcEVEIJPf
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度255Please respect copyright.PENANAui2LCPrabp
同環繞赤道一周差唔多255Please respect copyright.PENANApfboXE92hC
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲255Please respect copyright.PENANAyDsm9AgNVT
萬一有咩阻滯255Please respect copyright.PENANAFZcs2SwXri
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道255Please respect copyright.PENANAplOnMiFGip
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢255Please respect copyright.PENANAF1s211pJwT
就仆得街喇255Please respect copyright.PENANAvh9OqgJNmq
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年255Please respect copyright.PENANA2ybxcDBiT5
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得255Please respect copyright.PENANAKfHMP88QOK
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天255Please respect copyright.PENANAVm2fTQ2O32
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非255Please respect copyright.PENANAPHuKrsuyVl
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年255Please respect copyright.PENANAzPY7HLVJiF
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生255Please respect copyright.PENANAWRjOwS8PKj
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺255Please respect copyright.PENANAarZHrXSLt3
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等255Please respect copyright.PENANAgA88lJoNU6
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)255Please respect copyright.PENANAbqgTaaQN7l
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支255Please respect copyright.PENANAw8Evt2VYnx
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊255Please respect copyright.PENANAJxISVgt7iH
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢255Please respect copyright.PENANAxqLGNGDAAr
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講255Please respect copyright.PENANAzxWiXejREB
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉255Please respect copyright.PENANAuQOM0RGP09
就算食到都消化不良啦255Please respect copyright.PENANAwknNDXX5Yq
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站255Please respect copyright.PENANAeYd2t64oOU
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向255Please respect copyright.PENANABl8tafnNWL
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞255Please respect copyright.PENANA5pMcIbAb9x
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多255Please respect copyright.PENANA73OcXFDwL1
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:255Please respect copyright.PENANAndBSgG03xf
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢255Please respect copyright.PENANAOMITY3VACD
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫255Please respect copyright.PENANAbeqgWOteIy
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近255Please respect copyright.PENANATdWbCJTtLZ
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎255Please respect copyright.PENANAMNVhTZGdzR
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力255Please respect copyright.PENANAD4o0dT5j1M
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁255Please respect copyright.PENANA2oKIM7iS1c
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩255Please respect copyright.PENANAyO01U8qmnD
美洲有耕地255Please respect copyright.PENANAWOHimefZHh
非洲有人力255Please respect copyright.PENANAlB02WI4vLq
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心255Please respect copyright.PENANAHBWQbdhmO2
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦255Please respect copyright.PENANA0w01k5MO48
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢255Please respect copyright.PENANA0arFMqS6cs
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼255Please respect copyright.PENANARM5JMEKDpU
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢255Please respect copyright.PENANAnlko7zcEQS
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國255Please respect copyright.PENANABEFdUPCTZD
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦255Please respect copyright.PENANAXSjlR2E0F9
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行255Please respect copyright.PENANAQejEP6uOVl
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣255Please respect copyright.PENANAhP1SJFwCah
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴255Please respect copyright.PENANAxIr1MTdpXo
由此激發各國投入人力物力255Please respect copyright.PENANANXImqdJilV
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器255Please respect copyright.PENANA2PpMDnz0BJ
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船255Please respect copyright.PENANAfrq9tIcny6
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展255Please respect copyright.PENANAm3ZS6WrIBR
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等255Please respect copyright.PENANAtkrB7WpIyW
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話255Please respect copyright.PENANA99RORqdYVz
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易255Please respect copyright.PENANAg1NgVarfZa
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲255Please respect copyright.PENANA1rhoU0tAIG為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度255Please respect copyright.PENANAVdL1iXK7HF
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:255Please respect copyright.PENANAMS3z090DpU
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?255Please respect copyright.PENANAIdYA2CwvWH
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒255Please respect copyright.PENANAOAhZZdariC
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀255Please respect copyright.PENANArY1PKDQm3m
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢255Please respect copyright.PENANAJiuou6Lf3z
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成255Please respect copyright.PENANA8SstcpIXEe
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉255Please respect copyright.PENANAODkGpLBabG
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現255Please respect copyright.PENANAgM0v7ig4C1
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲255Please respect copyright.PENANAw6vdvrp3W2
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉255Please respect copyright.PENANAfBXTEivLHy
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團255Please respect copyright.PENANAhmbSbHwD4e
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議255Please respect copyright.PENANAt7mdWU6e39
準備選出新教宗喇255Please respect copyright.PENANAvURhnugXsi
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖255Please respect copyright.PENANAOhczWGhfHR
自16世紀起255Please respect copyright.PENANAKP0CHL9oV2
呢個小圈子選舉255Please respect copyright.PENANAAiqfR1n7gf
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控255Please respect copyright.PENANAbijMi8IhHj
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益255Please respect copyright.PENANAf6B6YvI8pO
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營255Please respect copyright.PENANAK69W08JRU0
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤255Please respect copyright.PENANAGjhYozHTLV
有時仲會大打出手255Please respect copyright.PENANA3pNNX9yN85
好似1605年3月嗰次255Please respect copyright.PENANAE1tugEsr2O
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨255Please respect copyright.PENANAZOpNJ8JYP8
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈255Please respect copyright.PENANAO5AZxrrRMn
不過呢個唔係今集重點255Please respect copyright.PENANAdrvJFAvtL8
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇255Please respect copyright.PENANAnPryMCxAd4
我直接講個結果:255Please respect copyright.PENANAq3HpKl1lnj
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗255Please respect copyright.PENANAuuvcgCdAHf
法號伍朋八世255Please respect copyright.PENANAbJvULOVc2X
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員255Please respect copyright.PENANAfXnWeXvFLj
…255Please respect copyright.PENANAeL0xUo8PjY
..255Please respect copyright.PENANAH7YnVg2FdW
.255Please respect copyright.PENANAMmflx0B03r
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???255Please respect copyright.PENANAAjlqvYMMCU
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦255Please respect copyright.PENANAiR3uELNuGg
佢地其實係病死嘅255Please respect copyright.PENANAyEm6Zo4EPT
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"255Please respect copyright.PENANALKRDfSVrns
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇255Please respect copyright.PENANA6Kl4tw7p3f
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播255Please respect copyright.PENANAbqgytykryg
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時255Please respect copyright.PENANAA5agwSMA9l
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味255Please respect copyright.PENANAyr9WLdCwov
係會令人發燒同病死255Please respect copyright.PENANAVTupGkb2DF
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾255Please respect copyright.PENANAZlgYA4anND
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後255Please respect copyright.PENANAvufAJSXvYa
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘255Please respect copyright.PENANAIHuvUFMdR4
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體255Please respect copyright.PENANAOyTJwsqFIr
帶返去羅馬本土喇255Please respect copyright.PENANA4xUHdpHUzJ
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶255Please respect copyright.PENANA9lDE8tOVeo
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖255Please respect copyright.PENANAm3wUSuwviN
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地255Please respect copyright.PENANAX16LpY4fvx
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣255Please respect copyright.PENANAguOQl11qcb
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時255Please respect copyright.PENANAHe1mnJMkNx
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命255Please respect copyright.PENANA4OfRFvypXP
額我略十五世唔遲唔早255Please respect copyright.PENANATXz9N7DHo6
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋255Please respect copyright.PENANAYnebUzaYbM
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇255Please respect copyright.PENANAWJuZrusfnd
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世255Please respect copyright.PENANAwfEzlUmGux
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召255Please respect copyright.PENANAx6Zk2NI0A7
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦255Please respect copyright.PENANAQpsNCxEzsk
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病255Please respect copyright.PENANATY7phYPlue
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史255Please respect copyright.PENANA0HOIKLg0RG
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦255Please respect copyright.PENANAAYDHyIMrMi
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾255Please respect copyright.PENANAZvd6J4WSPj
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法255Please respect copyright.PENANAvkM7xXkAi1
真係唔醫好過醫255Please respect copyright.PENANAcGDCBJpK9M
不過喺呢個大航海時代255Please respect copyright.PENANACx8QWBtUK2
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢255Please respect copyright.PENANA7fncPODoqf
16世紀起255Please respect copyright.PENANAd5E7HuqWq5
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊255Please respect copyright.PENANA5ySasjJEPX
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲255Please respect copyright.PENANASH4fMxvSb6
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛255Please respect copyright.PENANAa5ih9usRuq
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人255Please respect copyright.PENANAnTf9RPghjb
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣255Please respect copyright.PENANApg37VoK01Y
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目255Please respect copyright.PENANA4sEeg3MaI8
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材255Please respect copyright.PENANASABXKDvJC7
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英255Please respect copyright.PENANAMk68hmPPXw
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落255Please respect copyright.PENANA1H78q4Tc9o
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦255Please respect copyright.PENANALcDCFgI1kF
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情255Please respect copyright.PENANAMSnGFpvJOL
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....255Please respect copyright.PENANArpnPCW84NZ
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸255Please respect copyright.PENANAtebggw0Uzo
喺呢個地理大發現時代255Please respect copyright.PENANAIw13g6Lquq
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置255Please respect copyright.PENANAD1gfJSFw8b
呢個故事嘅主要成份255Please respect copyright.PENANAa4CdiTmfdh
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初255Please respect copyright.PENANAUY6UOxLW1V
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬255Please respect copyright.PENANAtUkqWnGLLl
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後255Please respect copyright.PENANAHvfVDKFhUA
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土255Please respect copyright.PENANAdRaVTS2oZy
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場255Please respect copyright.PENANAtOBGXRvo5m
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就唔同咁講喇255Please respect copyright.PENANA8mo0Rh33pf
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵255Please respect copyright.PENANANUWxQEvVyo
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉255Please respect copyright.PENANAfIm1HIROgH
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病255Please respect copyright.PENANAeOUOTj4vRz
服從性有幾高可想而知255Please respect copyright.PENANAKOQvaTKMbR
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫255Please respect copyright.PENANA3tTCU6d3TN
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話255Please respect copyright.PENANApGZphm2DYX
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講255Please respect copyright.PENANAwh8uG8AiUg
無疑係甘上加甘255Please respect copyright.PENANAjgvQNZW8P8
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢255Please respect copyright.PENANAzp8GsiqxaW
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000255Please respect copyright.PENANAIxcaxdo2z1
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度255Please respect copyright.PENANAHMyL7spwxb
錢就使咗效果又冇255Please respect copyright.PENANA2kdfHvzLBl
咁點搞?255Please respect copyright.PENANAzVMWeP4HRD
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”255Please respect copyright.PENANAqYjkSchCcP
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案255Please respect copyright.PENANAlLfDJj4Zc1
作為糖嘅發源地255Please respect copyright.PENANAJKrUkNbbgA
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像255Please respect copyright.PENANAYWTyvhZCq6
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右255Please respect copyright.PENANArAZjVga3DW
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官255Please respect copyright.PENANAqqcYgv0NTc
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:255Please respect copyright.PENANAH0OqcxdrSX
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧255Please respect copyright.PENANAJJVHmQEyzo
溶入高濃度糖水255Please respect copyright.PENANAvZeKAAPqLU
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮255Please respect copyright.PENANAGyvlrp8WPq
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿255Please respect copyright.PENANA0TKxjJemoo
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度255Please respect copyright.PENANAybtIT78J0e
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇255Please respect copyright.PENANAlGguaTt9a2
啲軍官再進一步255Please respect copyright.PENANAN0kzpIDorH
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒255Please respect copyright.PENANA54lFICraP0
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
255Please respect copyright.PENANAoRqC0O7MwE
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆255Please respect copyright.PENANAgFo0Fzfp8x
法國人曾經試過用紅酒255Please respect copyright.PENANAq4gqHXYVVX
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪255Please respect copyright.PENANAgoCSqOnQyl
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水255Please respect copyright.PENANAVUHXtRs1JD
味道完全唔融和255Please respect copyright.PENANAl4c8lwt6Tc
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味255Please respect copyright.PENANAKrBH7beNT5
後來研究發現255Please respect copyright.PENANAnv8rvacy4x
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份255Please respect copyright.PENANAPOaSqbct4r
同奎寧結合成聚合體255Please respect copyright.PENANAbcMAjzP3Mt
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道255Please respect copyright.PENANAcC1zXpojEB
呢個偶然嘅發現255Please respect copyright.PENANApeqqeksQpj
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎255Please respect copyright.PENANA8krupMMtN5
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵255Please respect copyright.PENANAdAYNZEoeQT
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧255Please respect copyright.PENANASJ2ODaUxOf
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥255Please respect copyright.PENANAyH39fGABoA
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品255Please respect copyright.PENANASxVMkFDwYy
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度255Please respect copyright.PENANAbNxt5XSsng
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品255Please respect copyright.PENANAvNMDN631dB
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)255Please respect copyright.PENANAyZOfy03e4c
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水255Please respect copyright.PENANAXJPpDIAGiG
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水255Please respect copyright.PENANAFzrAQAYLm8
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命255Please respect copyright.PENANAK04DhIo76K
例如喺1875年255Please respect copyright.PENANAdz4IpK0ciy
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率255Please respect copyright.PENANArGLIG4bCzn
已經跌到去1.5%255Please respect copyright.PENANAMJ1pF6SSyO
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面255Please respect copyright.PENANAN7q7jPub16
下集會講吓255Please respect copyright.PENANAo8oUvIgNAS
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥255Please respect copyright.PENANA1Izb5GW5qC
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運255Please respect copyright.PENANAOXbE0qR6q5255Please respect copyright.PENANA1fByGw1Fmv