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通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗83Please respect copyright.PENANAYVZCh9qMMP
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買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高83Please respect copyright.PENANAuMcVLVcztK
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就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙83Please respect copyright.PENANAI2AAlqwyHH
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下83Please respect copyright.PENANAxZYgLgMeRc
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙83Please respect copyright.PENANAR75ratD03L
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斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦83Please respect copyright.PENANAZVGb9qJjLr
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布83Please respect copyright.PENANAzdg3vK7jnC
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報83Please respect copyright.PENANAulXhdLbSd2
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸83Please respect copyright.PENANASdq8jYQAG9
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網83Please respect copyright.PENANAdTyXXXI0O5
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦83Please respect copyright.PENANAUPcn3JGMTM
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞83Please respect copyright.PENANAjckEDYKhwJ
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸83Please respect copyright.PENANAoPF7k9vXqe
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咁既然唔係亞洲83Please respect copyright.PENANATIgK76JAQk
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好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀83Please respect copyright.PENANAdGl7Y9SLDp
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦83Please respect copyright.PENANAKMDsQqRha8
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下83Please respect copyright.PENANA74poHPofrq
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAn9KxeqTROa
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時83Please respect copyright.PENANAtB4CFMyQEc
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地83Please respect copyright.PENANArLYhO8hisu
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力83Please respect copyright.PENANABDdyikqdqK
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累83Please respect copyright.PENANA04k1J3qIcD
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖83Please respect copyright.PENANAwz2vGi1ftb
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗83Please respect copyright.PENANAxaPzJAdFnk
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多83Please respect copyright.PENANAETOJ5zz02I
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易83Please respect copyright.PENANA1FcpbyxTYF
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水83Please respect copyright.PENANAS8HwmSZwNT
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度83Please respect copyright.PENANA2wG3Sv5g1l
同環繞赤道一周差唔多83Please respect copyright.PENANAgXG20mv0sO
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲83Please respect copyright.PENANAUau3DvJdDs
萬一有咩阻滯83Please respect copyright.PENANA4f3ghVhHJk
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道83Please respect copyright.PENANA3Pb8yUM6Yd
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢83Please respect copyright.PENANAuFs7Hs0ZJN
就仆得街喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAZGYGVElX4K
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年83Please respect copyright.PENANAxtS3TYu4ur
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得83Please respect copyright.PENANAZwjI2qMxY9
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天83Please respect copyright.PENANAZIXhlQkWKs
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非83Please respect copyright.PENANAm1LHEmLIYW
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年83Please respect copyright.PENANA4nSofc81xD
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生83Please respect copyright.PENANAMDF8gjyyYs
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺83Please respect copyright.PENANAAOCmukwZkP
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等83Please respect copyright.PENANAGUVGsLZG2b
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支83Please respect copyright.PENANAg00ushneWp
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊83Please respect copyright.PENANAlMvUFHLRuA
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢83Please respect copyright.PENANAIl3gt1vhMp
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講83Please respect copyright.PENANAMyGMDsuoWg
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉83Please respect copyright.PENANAFZJ0SLEjiq
就算食到都消化不良啦83Please respect copyright.PENANAyq1PTUuGxB
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站83Please respect copyright.PENANAGibHTsNsSb
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向83Please respect copyright.PENANA7HIXemPApJ
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞83Please respect copyright.PENANAc46XPGXqZD
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多83Please respect copyright.PENANA6eezXgIUem
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:83Please respect copyright.PENANAaucuCHTiKO
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢83Please respect copyright.PENANAyFnl42R3IL
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫83Please respect copyright.PENANAwRbkEorpsl
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近83Please respect copyright.PENANAs9l6O65467
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎83Please respect copyright.PENANAnwXMyM8fqd
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力83Please respect copyright.PENANA7BYS6mPypT
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁83Please respect copyright.PENANAK7rKVWW0J7
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩83Please respect copyright.PENANAovBl8DGwNN
美洲有耕地83Please respect copyright.PENANAQIdasFnUeo
非洲有人力83Please respect copyright.PENANAoYjuTcx40I
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心83Please respect copyright.PENANAaCcnaIjFqg
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦83Please respect copyright.PENANAponIFvdoB8
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢83Please respect copyright.PENANAXBCQN3pJdO
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼83Please respect copyright.PENANAoi6DtKEKFG
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢83Please respect copyright.PENANAli3EF0KRkA
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國83Please respect copyright.PENANAgOoOySFMl3
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦83Please respect copyright.PENANADuZ9JPlOle
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行83Please respect copyright.PENANA8SaqQbXNkE
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣83Please respect copyright.PENANAdWcYD0fQdY
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴83Please respect copyright.PENANAYf18n8Cbzs
由此激發各國投入人力物力83Please respect copyright.PENANAXV8LZDts6O
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器83Please respect copyright.PENANAfYXFrtmKnN
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船83Please respect copyright.PENANAHhf2osHTvo
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展83Please respect copyright.PENANA8yMwgLs8PO
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等83Please respect copyright.PENANAz8CgWmzIZC
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話83Please respect copyright.PENANAVc87KmkTdf
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易83Please respect copyright.PENANAePSq03N0Dt
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲83Please respect copyright.PENANAfZueskL6G9為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度83Please respect copyright.PENANAwyrIz2EXk1
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:83Please respect copyright.PENANA7bZN7QZC9P
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?83Please respect copyright.PENANA6a8NmBo2pv
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒83Please respect copyright.PENANA1zVchH2Dev
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀83Please respect copyright.PENANA0Aog0IU9rm
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢83Please respect copyright.PENANArkfKAoFLpA
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成83Please respect copyright.PENANA5nScWLtxwZ
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉83Please respect copyright.PENANAOIwSFMPaqd
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現83Please respect copyright.PENANAgRyNIcUrvQ
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲83Please respect copyright.PENANAEGUUQ1IMY3
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉83Please respect copyright.PENANAD1smqrYzQg
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團83Please respect copyright.PENANAn9NywT71F2
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議83Please respect copyright.PENANA23trvRxEVa
準備選出新教宗喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAH8cuDJJJ7c
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖83Please respect copyright.PENANAytepHhLD6W
自16世紀起83Please respect copyright.PENANAZfc8Sdsvz0
呢個小圈子選舉83Please respect copyright.PENANAHD7mCBil4h
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控83Please respect copyright.PENANAytq1H9PJoR
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益83Please respect copyright.PENANASVFPrMIUJA
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營83Please respect copyright.PENANA08qDfIq6Rg
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤83Please respect copyright.PENANAJrwdHlyqfu
有時仲會大打出手83Please respect copyright.PENANAp4nV1L0uFf
好似1605年3月嗰次83Please respect copyright.PENANAbNrjWaoBsF
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨83Please respect copyright.PENANAXf955BlVUJ
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈83Please respect copyright.PENANA6SktAHW53C
不過呢個唔係今集重點83Please respect copyright.PENANAyTikkT9tKL
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAgoGLGzTEii
我直接講個結果:83Please respect copyright.PENANArCIVpgCblU
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗83Please respect copyright.PENANAt7WU9n4oUm
法號伍朋八世83Please respect copyright.PENANAfzHj3neTla
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員83Please respect copyright.PENANAKrdtOalDGU
…83Please respect copyright.PENANA1PLrLP04F5
..83Please respect copyright.PENANAyyPOsuIqCV
.83Please respect copyright.PENANAifNi86Xg0i
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???83Please respect copyright.PENANAMDeLBWrXaC
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦83Please respect copyright.PENANAEQh0CwWbss
佢地其實係病死嘅83Please respect copyright.PENANA1A2w52q6nI
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"83Please respect copyright.PENANAJzX3WxydYo
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAwCk3wyQ7fj
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播83Please respect copyright.PENANAnwWkpqWLT4
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時83Please respect copyright.PENANAbffumIPw8v
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味83Please respect copyright.PENANA0HCzEvjpXS
係會令人發燒同病死83Please respect copyright.PENANAGKINV5FBhU
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾83Please respect copyright.PENANAlpI0vGcF2f
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後83Please respect copyright.PENANAX6ojcLccYs
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘83Please respect copyright.PENANAV64eo565iK
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體83Please respect copyright.PENANALJZ3PD1QFt
帶返去羅馬本土喇83Please respect copyright.PENANA7gmEe9BXyW
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶83Please respect copyright.PENANAYSRAqEj59e
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖83Please respect copyright.PENANASj4RtHXoiV
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地83Please respect copyright.PENANAEoE0rFz5D8
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣83Please respect copyright.PENANAcjdX1kSFwA
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時83Please respect copyright.PENANALM4Yyfb2jW
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命83Please respect copyright.PENANAlHOOWeXdB9
額我略十五世唔遲唔早83Please respect copyright.PENANAZ9O1ysTNHP
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋83Please respect copyright.PENANAKjyZ9Ltr2R
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAn2Gujy2zaw
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世83Please respect copyright.PENANAfPXVeFkKaK
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召83Please respect copyright.PENANAGVBdqvRGa1
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦83Please respect copyright.PENANAaFFOPxH1S9
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病83Please respect copyright.PENANA4tvVrc7feN
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史83Please respect copyright.PENANALCbm90fmST
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦83Please respect copyright.PENANA9l5XSqYTbz
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾83Please respect copyright.PENANAOElc0WramJ
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法83Please respect copyright.PENANAge0f27pSfO
真係唔醫好過醫83Please respect copyright.PENANA2M6ItMhpoe
不過喺呢個大航海時代83Please respect copyright.PENANAzuv9LKdsIy
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢83Please respect copyright.PENANAfvsYBuRTkf
16世紀起83Please respect copyright.PENANAgwv2p5xoQw
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊83Please respect copyright.PENANAnWbWNI44Hl
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲83Please respect copyright.PENANAvRnYz8tE8O
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛83Please respect copyright.PENANAxNLxvgkdRb
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人83Please respect copyright.PENANA8EQTKqrEeY
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣83Please respect copyright.PENANAvkLfdQEWIp
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目83Please respect copyright.PENANA9IUGefaiIO
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材83Please respect copyright.PENANAbgtSkRXksM
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英83Please respect copyright.PENANAVGeYCAkhhJ
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落83Please respect copyright.PENANAiXB7j1B4uU
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦83Please respect copyright.PENANAE8zwroaSXZ
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情83Please respect copyright.PENANAq4VnDFEdBK
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....83Please respect copyright.PENANA3FlgQIlCW5
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸83Please respect copyright.PENANAVanBnSyyje
喺呢個地理大發現時代83Please respect copyright.PENANAZ2vbqMf6ZT
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置83Please respect copyright.PENANAelY7EgTN2e
呢個故事嘅主要成份83Please respect copyright.PENANAqLmCHnhljb
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初83Please respect copyright.PENANA6vH7aWVDOP
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬83Please respect copyright.PENANAr291RccArX
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後83Please respect copyright.PENANA1yYF8t3SR4
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不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?83Please respect copyright.PENANAiwZUpmdD6y
就唔同咁講喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAnSzneIR0IF
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵83Please respect copyright.PENANADP4D0H8nDH
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉83Please respect copyright.PENANAzsk9PbHWQY
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病83Please respect copyright.PENANAqAndF4z7J4
服從性有幾高可想而知83Please respect copyright.PENANAWeRCT45ZRl
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫83Please respect copyright.PENANAPJOraUyDhN
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話83Please respect copyright.PENANAJ3LJOmGdwI
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講83Please respect copyright.PENANAlFOCjj0Q6s
無疑係甘上加甘83Please respect copyright.PENANAdCJOeUat3c
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢83Please respect copyright.PENANAEf2yojhiNK
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,00083Please respect copyright.PENANApMOMUIpPvs
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度83Please respect copyright.PENANAXNmYF4JyVS
錢就使咗效果又冇83Please respect copyright.PENANAVXOWPDCBM3
咁點搞?83Please respect copyright.PENANA1RKbb79KiZ
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”83Please respect copyright.PENANAopJMmXpxwk
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案83Please respect copyright.PENANAVhtXRdFHKq
作為糖嘅發源地83Please respect copyright.PENANAR3uchrr8gI
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像83Please respect copyright.PENANA3nzj1xwXFk
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右83Please respect copyright.PENANA4CTr9BqgsT
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官83Please respect copyright.PENANAX9oj92lBLu
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:83Please respect copyright.PENANAaRrsEwp7od
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧83Please respect copyright.PENANAatUGqwnfBl
溶入高濃度糖水83Please respect copyright.PENANAN7Wcl0ppRT
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮83Please respect copyright.PENANAXIZA6YYNP2
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿83Please respect copyright.PENANARc0I2XImsm
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度83Please respect copyright.PENANA7L5sFBEBzk
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇83Please respect copyright.PENANAl99ABjjlGv
啲軍官再進一步83Please respect copyright.PENANAkQrLAxLHF6
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒83Please respect copyright.PENANA2kXnDTQaOB
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
83Please respect copyright.PENANABYSyxyF6lo
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆83Please respect copyright.PENANAifxIPvxX3Y
法國人曾經試過用紅酒83Please respect copyright.PENANAyTi2V6z6Ao
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪83Please respect copyright.PENANAyAy8Jy3sQk
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水83Please respect copyright.PENANAaMl8qgDte6
味道完全唔融和83Please respect copyright.PENANA7ucnynTERL
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味83Please respect copyright.PENANAQIlIgmL2Kt
後來研究發現83Please respect copyright.PENANAvHuW57Jokp
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份83Please respect copyright.PENANASWxzks0LG4
同奎寧結合成聚合體83Please respect copyright.PENANAl9DQpTcGkh
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道83Please respect copyright.PENANASlQ2NSiSGV
呢個偶然嘅發現83Please respect copyright.PENANAcY11ZBYO9l
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎83Please respect copyright.PENANAyOaY43bhGU
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵83Please respect copyright.PENANAMZOUTMuR7h
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧83Please respect copyright.PENANAUcYMYS7RIu
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥83Please respect copyright.PENANAFgxY8M9DIt
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品83Please respect copyright.PENANATeHN5ezDT6
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度83Please respect copyright.PENANAVHpk6iyLhh
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品83Please respect copyright.PENANALeXTWKcGQ3
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)83Please respect copyright.PENANABfbznJFhVX
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水83Please respect copyright.PENANARbPne8uSxG
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水83Please respect copyright.PENANAdND8zuxUqt
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命83Please respect copyright.PENANAA2Ur0ZMFR8
例如喺1875年83Please respect copyright.PENANAfMupU9s6I6
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率83Please respect copyright.PENANAGi4vNNXA4E
已經跌到去1.5%83Please respect copyright.PENANAVgO3ViMs25
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面83Please respect copyright.PENANAXggGy3aDQ1
下集會講吓83Please respect copyright.PENANAzC8NC11QdR
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥83Please respect copyright.PENANA9mi6thxU0z
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運83Please respect copyright.PENANAvBUPfYhYFr83Please respect copyright.PENANAMbHAjJMeKu