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就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙116Please respect copyright.PENANAlhKsjUokNT
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下116Please respect copyright.PENANASTHOho2YgB
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸116Please respect copyright.PENANAbVxBI5hyzw
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網116Please respect copyright.PENANAvaz82MqlEr
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞116Please respect copyright.PENANAo5eYtvrBMQ
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自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料116Please respect copyright.PENANArQhkCXcHB8
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀116Please respect copyright.PENANAwGyJD7HzTx
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦116Please respect copyright.PENANAIgP158oq7A
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下116Please respect copyright.PENANAWhL7k31L4N
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇116Please respect copyright.PENANAaWQz7UxFeL
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時116Please respect copyright.PENANAzPTOBPH9Fy
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地116Please respect copyright.PENANAojgZKKMPYo
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力116Please respect copyright.PENANAonwfzu3Cjo
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累116Please respect copyright.PENANAhuEZINnEJU
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖116Please respect copyright.PENANAolF7EBn2dn
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗116Please respect copyright.PENANAXwULVrNy7W
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多116Please respect copyright.PENANAj6jPfFe2ia
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易116Please respect copyright.PENANALIlXk09Gur
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水116Please respect copyright.PENANANjsXHFkRxO
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度116Please respect copyright.PENANA2dz2OS0EbX
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢116Please respect copyright.PENANAW9Y9AT3bGP
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成隊船要喺東非呆等半年116Please respect copyright.PENANA9409yZCZ8G
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得116Please respect copyright.PENANAy06TC6Im3F
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啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非116Please respect copyright.PENANArL2VTHfzQp
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年116Please respect copyright.PENANAqKdSAzC704
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成程船又要驚風暴擱淺116Please respect copyright.PENANAowXyxjaESj
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等116Please respect copyright.PENANAoETjEb1Oag
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支116Please respect copyright.PENANAbzb1dJtxqv
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊116Please respect copyright.PENANAqhlBUgaIEs
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢116Please respect copyright.PENANASRKmns5gxi
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講116Please respect copyright.PENANALNOAgoAOSd
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉116Please respect copyright.PENANA63xQpwoHHo
就算食到都消化不良啦116Please respect copyright.PENANAMyh4Em11dE
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站116Please respect copyright.PENANACSFhltqK3D
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向116Please respect copyright.PENANA45KXUa2n4E
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞116Please respect copyright.PENANAKDhkijtY7v
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多116Please respect copyright.PENANAGn1T2rYqhC
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:116Please respect copyright.PENANAIqzBZHveHQ
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢116Please respect copyright.PENANAsYiBbEIsrj
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫116Please respect copyright.PENANAK5o7ULgXUU
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近116Please respect copyright.PENANA2SYLkmkNwi
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎116Please respect copyright.PENANASr6swutlXH
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力116Please respect copyright.PENANAAsnLlO1WSI
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁116Please respect copyright.PENANAHNRlhBWa5X
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩116Please respect copyright.PENANACLWRgWton4
美洲有耕地116Please respect copyright.PENANAJE5iyD4yjG
非洲有人力116Please respect copyright.PENANAJolPYWQ0rR
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心116Please respect copyright.PENANAB5rRMjwBeZ
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦116Please respect copyright.PENANAEEnB69gBLN
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢116Please respect copyright.PENANAT6JKyMmJ8X
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼116Please respect copyright.PENANADvk7KACkRd
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢116Please respect copyright.PENANA5NELl5us7V
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國116Please respect copyright.PENANALcANWQ5Nu6
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦116Please respect copyright.PENANAG7gleplFmH
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行116Please respect copyright.PENANA9ntO4Our7d
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣116Please respect copyright.PENANA96DPeDUCev
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴116Please respect copyright.PENANABcmOPVnYQb
由此激發各國投入人力物力116Please respect copyright.PENANASWIQtHBUf8
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器116Please respect copyright.PENANAIQcBefBOBO
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船116Please respect copyright.PENANAaJoDFWQLdH
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展116Please respect copyright.PENANAmVTe5KhqFN
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等116Please respect copyright.PENANA6LwbEICc0F
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話116Please respect copyright.PENANA5Nfnxe5SyX
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易116Please respect copyright.PENANA51Kq8yzRJc
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲116Please respect copyright.PENANAtxBF3jzEaS為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度116Please respect copyright.PENANAK163W85X5c
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:116Please respect copyright.PENANAlEGhG1LHuz
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?116Please respect copyright.PENANAbp9CDOmnHu
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒116Please respect copyright.PENANAiDhbQff00Y
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀116Please respect copyright.PENANA18UQJszuor
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢116Please respect copyright.PENANASBkBhH5GEf
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成116Please respect copyright.PENANAXDjMMB1Qoz
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉116Please respect copyright.PENANAUNKjEq5A5J
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現116Please respect copyright.PENANAZS7Q49kM08
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲116Please respect copyright.PENANA6WhcGoO8Qs
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉116Please respect copyright.PENANAuetsWDKRo7
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團116Please respect copyright.PENANA5wkwLwE26v
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議116Please respect copyright.PENANAsOBrnxOPhB
準備選出新教宗喇116Please respect copyright.PENANAoYNmgGPuLJ
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖116Please respect copyright.PENANAvBRXWky8Ig
自16世紀起116Please respect copyright.PENANAL8icgFYR5P
呢個小圈子選舉116Please respect copyright.PENANARecAyLWYhq
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控116Please respect copyright.PENANAsKcn2bTGBZ
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益116Please respect copyright.PENANAcqyPWetEFh
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營116Please respect copyright.PENANAUxYLjfETMj
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤116Please respect copyright.PENANAi49iMzfDrH
有時仲會大打出手116Please respect copyright.PENANAHaOp1jUTXP
好似1605年3月嗰次116Please respect copyright.PENANAQ96zSfb31a
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨116Please respect copyright.PENANAs2mRH7yNUg
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈116Please respect copyright.PENANAHwozCzryeH
不過呢個唔係今集重點116Please respect copyright.PENANAMjnZWqPdUH
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇116Please respect copyright.PENANA0MPeFD8rXa
我直接講個結果:116Please respect copyright.PENANA8RPy4JwAb5
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗116Please respect copyright.PENANAZzedFDc8LP
法號伍朋八世116Please respect copyright.PENANACWorzIkCiY
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員116Please respect copyright.PENANAIXcAxkqkBe
…116Please respect copyright.PENANA1AvEp7PCQQ
..116Please respect copyright.PENANAcE5EEZjj3P
.116Please respect copyright.PENANAqKmzL3RfxD
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???116Please respect copyright.PENANAlejLMItJGP
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦116Please respect copyright.PENANAPx5DT78iQw
佢地其實係病死嘅116Please respect copyright.PENANA7FvLI87OpI
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"116Please respect copyright.PENANAPTftybOLlI
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇116Please respect copyright.PENANAOphOcTAJOu
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播116Please respect copyright.PENANAPvuk9KQYBe
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時116Please respect copyright.PENANA8qTGcdmaC0
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味116Please respect copyright.PENANAw87k00eNe4
係會令人發燒同病死116Please respect copyright.PENANA5u8hwYYY8H
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾116Please respect copyright.PENANA8Zr0UEJE2P
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後116Please respect copyright.PENANAdck4TcLbWE
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘116Please respect copyright.PENANAmmSjwHYYQx
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體116Please respect copyright.PENANAogX03kmOgx
帶返去羅馬本土喇116Please respect copyright.PENANAv4uHFMaVek
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶116Please respect copyright.PENANAJK6brVG2VB
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖116Please respect copyright.PENANA8lYYg5T5vY
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地116Please respect copyright.PENANALlDSZA2f4d
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣116Please respect copyright.PENANAh50TLSMkpR
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時116Please respect copyright.PENANAm3oZzQ6LHn
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命116Please respect copyright.PENANAUV3egzMhNz
額我略十五世唔遲唔早116Please respect copyright.PENANAcsbbyRNxX3
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋116Please respect copyright.PENANAEZ2KuobNa4
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇116Please respect copyright.PENANAsa7SHubxmU
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世116Please respect copyright.PENANAcO3BYLzTkT
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召116Please respect copyright.PENANACWQNEIiqa9
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦116Please respect copyright.PENANANSv3bGrQ4N
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病116Please respect copyright.PENANA7BaOdQfGRK
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史116Please respect copyright.PENANAryv0GSAACR
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦116Please respect copyright.PENANAKJ9Avdy5Il
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾116Please respect copyright.PENANAMgsWoEgDbR
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法116Please respect copyright.PENANAF5bPJDex5j
真係唔醫好過醫116Please respect copyright.PENANAj0Jb6UOZOP
不過喺呢個大航海時代116Please respect copyright.PENANAQ5iBr8SMpL
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢116Please respect copyright.PENANAiNwSTfGlaQ
16世紀起116Please respect copyright.PENANABg56GKlWlu
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊116Please respect copyright.PENANANGV9mV6SWd
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲116Please respect copyright.PENANA3gfEuDfpFr
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛116Please respect copyright.PENANAs460CL1v28
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人116Please respect copyright.PENANAVPlrCEhcUh
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣116Please respect copyright.PENANAtd2PY6AR3l
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目116Please respect copyright.PENANALjRd4QIpzx
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材116Please respect copyright.PENANABpjw72X0RF
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英116Please respect copyright.PENANAJypq4BvYT8
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落116Please respect copyright.PENANAN0VbrOOPdp
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦116Please respect copyright.PENANA7q4LTdLIa4
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情116Please respect copyright.PENANAxoO3DhMpBS
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....116Please respect copyright.PENANAq7reTzKoAJ
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸116Please respect copyright.PENANA7AZrpNQem3
喺呢個地理大發現時代116Please respect copyright.PENANAsLlhMoarHG
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置116Please respect copyright.PENANAJkJ1tLMaDT
呢個故事嘅主要成份116Please respect copyright.PENANAOkWSelZusj
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初116Please respect copyright.PENANA95mUidyxcl
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬116Please respect copyright.PENANA8mSrbr356P
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後116Please respect copyright.PENANA8FkPpgSYGG
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土116Please respect copyright.PENANAU81fCXZyw4
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場116Please respect copyright.PENANAirLS9FUQ3W
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要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵116Please respect copyright.PENANA1Icn4ho1k4
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去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病116Please respect copyright.PENANAwltbBDSakD
服從性有幾高可想而知116Please respect copyright.PENANAxvsGPCu02H
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫116Please respect copyright.PENANAzROCW6LImj
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話116Please respect copyright.PENANAjrXRWqpsft
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講116Please respect copyright.PENANAK66athSb4r
無疑係甘上加甘116Please respect copyright.PENANATa5MWvD9du
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢116Please respect copyright.PENANAlmBgr0arXr
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000116Please respect copyright.PENANAS7lQOqSVKx
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度116Please respect copyright.PENANAeWu1yeLUjr
錢就使咗效果又冇116Please respect copyright.PENANAD3jTrhjgMR
咁點搞?116Please respect copyright.PENANAqv7Cmm7xdG
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”116Please respect copyright.PENANAiMIVUkfjmG
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案116Please respect copyright.PENANAt7jzO41ByY
作為糖嘅發源地116Please respect copyright.PENANAEHA3Ktnwi9
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像116Please respect copyright.PENANAQthk3X1J7D
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右116Please respect copyright.PENANAF4jv9sdqxU
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官116Please respect copyright.PENANAlbKGFq9zVN
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:116Please respect copyright.PENANA3FluLokFGS
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧116Please respect copyright.PENANATSeD7pvCCi
溶入高濃度糖水116Please respect copyright.PENANACgGf1flXt4
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮116Please respect copyright.PENANAEynYObhO5J
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿116Please respect copyright.PENANA0jt11R7NwR
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度116Please respect copyright.PENANA20udQpDS9K
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇116Please respect copyright.PENANAgzRNb1bO5L
啲軍官再進一步116Please respect copyright.PENANARvPePXqPg9
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒116Please respect copyright.PENANAeZiYfsiGUo
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
116Please respect copyright.PENANAu2NX9FmngM
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆116Please respect copyright.PENANAogO5NVmnZs
法國人曾經試過用紅酒116Please respect copyright.PENANAuglD2zrNec
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪116Please respect copyright.PENANAIHlWtOtayA
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水116Please respect copyright.PENANAmiHccUIZJz
味道完全唔融和116Please respect copyright.PENANAuDdzjlB6yp
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味116Please respect copyright.PENANABQ4grcrd1h
後來研究發現116Please respect copyright.PENANAtyY1eW3GdX
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份116Please respect copyright.PENANACXwyGqCdC0
同奎寧結合成聚合體116Please respect copyright.PENANAfXpoq67Ol8
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道116Please respect copyright.PENANAgh5PABj9vM
呢個偶然嘅發現116Please respect copyright.PENANAHsPzA2VqK4
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎116Please respect copyright.PENANAhIehLIWc6h
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵116Please respect copyright.PENANAyn4Z9j51lN
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧116Please respect copyright.PENANATYXXRaugPo
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥116Please respect copyright.PENANAAT7hXgkv3U
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品116Please respect copyright.PENANAto0ofOCHG8
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度116Please respect copyright.PENANAliD1hAOOjw
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品116Please respect copyright.PENANAGeKl39X2fX
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)116Please respect copyright.PENANAmG7VJ9wSj2
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水116Please respect copyright.PENANAH1BFluqRQw
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水116Please respect copyright.PENANALyB6cvh7PV
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命116Please respect copyright.PENANAPo5xP1PI4z
例如喺1875年116Please respect copyright.PENANAUmGNrZDsBY
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率116Please respect copyright.PENANAljacz5cXmr
已經跌到去1.5%116Please respect copyright.PENANAcQlG1ip1qF
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面116Please respect copyright.PENANAfU8LUxgeeR
下集會講吓116Please respect copyright.PENANAg8DigtIMz4
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥116Please respect copyright.PENANAzVY4FgJqnt
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運116Please respect copyright.PENANA1k7poMKvxt116Please respect copyright.PENANA2S30IR4N9d