No Plagiarism!RtcjbFF3Jryf5tzrhre8posted on PENANA 182Please respect copyright.PENANAxHypajQQ9o
8964 copyright protection178PENANA0nmANbO2cf 維尼
- 實體經濟和資金經濟及其功能
182Please respect copyright.PENANAVw16R5po6L
8964 copyright protection178PENANANilDjqf0an 維尼
當今世界,經濟大可分為兩種:8964 copyright protection178PENANApxfg7MI8BI 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANA4097JCHYMZ
8964 copyright protection178PENANAUJc95ETDHO 維尼
- 實體經濟
以實質貢獻,提供實質貨品及服務為主。8964 copyright protection178PENANAKZMljxSYWA 維尼
(例如:股市市場提供資金予發展商,以促成融資建屋)8964 copyright protection178PENANAPq3UtJOsQ6 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAiLVntWiPHu
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- 資金經濟
以利用資產增值獲利為主8964 copyright protection178PENANAJQiINSYhHO 維尼
(例如:股市市場上價格上升,提供利潤予投資者)8964 copyright protection178PENANAeU3WUoaCJp 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAfCyrcL56Oc
8964 copyright protection178PENANAjZj0RtveY4 維尼
兩者皆為投資者賺得回報。論實質社會貢獻層面上,當以實體經濟為先;但論投資者回報,卻往往是以享受資產增值的資金經濟跑贏。而資產持有者亦往往成為社會財富上之大嬴家,何解:8964 copyright protection178PENANAZzcvzLPC7Q 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAkY64g6FbL5
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原因:8964 copyright protection178PENANAksWP4fJ93O 維尼
- 此乃資本經濟設計者之終極目的:透過資本回報之豐厚,迫使人民將儲蓄用作投資,減少社會現金存款,以發揮資金功能;
182Please respect copyright.PENANAMDn3mSi5Bz
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- 資產有儲值功能,而勞動力卻不能儲備下去,只能急於求售,這局面是有利於資產擁有者。
182Please respect copyright.PENANAfpejoEaZUu
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182Please respect copyright.PENANAyLxqnQXGvj
8964 copyright protection178PENANAVH4BIL0cmM 維尼
***8964 copyright protection178PENANA4FtntyHsgM 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAeJDyuBnWOB
8964 copyright protection178PENANAUO4NDW7EVn 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAdy6NYDV5mr
8964 copyright protection178PENANAW9YgdbPyIU 維尼
- 銀行槓桿原理
182Please respect copyright.PENANAWFjf9XsKRv
8964 copyright protection178PENANA1yifCxpTn8 維尼
銀行貸款可為財金槓桿原理之始祖。8964 copyright protection178PENANAKOrco95bQa 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANABkbeRAUsJX
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當政府訂立了銀行的儲備比率,例如:為存款的20%,那即意味銀行可以將存款中的80%外借到市場作為利息收入。8964 copyright protection178PENANALmnXj5LxHF 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANABGR6BVFERk
8964 copyright protection178PENANAqOfz4DUjQe 維尼
如$1000元的存款,銀行向市場借出當中的$800,$200元則撥作儲備; 而假設那借出的$800元又再存到銀行體系,那銀行又將該$800存款的80%外借到市場(即$640),如此一來一回,銀行就憑藉這種槓桿製造出額外賬面上的資產。8964 copyright protection178PENANAQCqO4FPbso 維尼
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而有關上述存款槓桿遊戲,坊間上的方程式如下:8964 copyright protection178PENANAxmo1w7SmbG 維尼
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槓桿財富總數 = 存款總數X 1 / 儲備比率8964 copyright protection178PENANAqK4Bip0Tkr 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAcCWFrcMc5O
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以上述例子的$1,000元存款為例:8964 copyright protection178PENANAqPK3fRQuo8 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAI4h7NyPgDW
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槓桿財富總數 = 存款總數($1,000)X 1 / (20%)儲備比率8964 copyright protection178PENANA2p0SOqqRNX 維尼
= $1,000 X 58964 copyright protection178PENANAxVIR4oJWEe 維尼
= $5,0008964 copyright protection178PENANABlNuoY9NIS 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAjnkguT04pR
8964 copyright protection178PENANAkZsD1TBUb8 維尼
可見,銀行可值槓桿原理,便可將$1,000元的存款「放大」成$5,000。8964 copyright protection178PENANAFqQJSlsuXE 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAL1JOULbv55
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***8964 copyright protection178PENANAuBUeD4b1J1 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAW9jssxbvwB
8964 copyright protection178PENANAk9hMNtL5bF 維尼
- 投資者及被投資者的得益
182Please respect copyright.PENANAT5vLqX0Mna
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世界一體化令整體生產力得以提升,而投資者與被投資者都有所得著,生產專門化的優點如下:8964 copyright protection178PENANAHRCf3qGObG 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANA2NkvG6mPMC
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- 投資者 (多為先進國家 / 資本者)
- 先進國家可將低端工序外判予落後國家,而先進國家的國民可專注於高增值項目,令生產更為專業;
182Please respect copyright.PENANAfEts95BIO8
8964 copyright protection178PENANAMvx6PK9ckj 維尼
- 先進國家將工序外判予工資較低的落後國家,利用其人口勞動密集之特性,產生大規模生產的協同效應,以盡享成本降低之益;
182Please respect copyright.PENANAy60d5SH9xX
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182Please respect copyright.PENANA9MGzIuE2Oi
8964 copyright protection178PENANADzG2ZsEcUb 維尼
- 獲投資者 (多為相對落後國家 / 缺乏資本者)
182Please respect copyright.PENANAiqj8wePJB3
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182Please respect copyright.PENANAMjfwo27IVn
8964 copyright protection178PENANAyEC1q3dhzQ 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANACybfP4vgGw
8964 copyright protection178PENANA3qcNyd2D4n 維尼
- 獲投資 / 注資的一方可借機拓展生產規模及收購競爭對手之業務,減低競爭及爭取大規模生產下之盈利。
182Please respect copyright.PENANAvOQHqRpnTr
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***8964 copyright protection178PENANA78b5qk12No 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAlUlzF4Reub
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182Please respect copyright.PENANAVtZhJ8eouj
8964 copyright protection178PENANAAbJL9M2zLg 維尼
- 通漲、滯漲、通縮
182Please respect copyright.PENANAO9eF5pbML2
8964 copyright protection178PENANA0yBg2xONZ1 維尼
相信這三個名詞,大家都曾聽過。現簡單解釋一下:8964 copyright protection178PENANArVKp7aFHPd 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANABsI4TfI90n
8964 copyright protection178PENANADJZJyW0bxQ 維尼
- 通漲 – 物價指數向上,貨品價格上揚;
- 滯漲 – 物價指數向上,貨品價格上揚;人均收入及工資水平卻追不上;
- 通縮 – 物價下調,經濟疲弱,市民購買力不濟致貨品需求及價格下降
182Please respect copyright.PENANAqrrxgMNZLS
8964 copyright protection178PENANAeMuCAEFIYA 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAvGoaZ9dD5K
8964 copyright protection178PENANA3VUIJfuUrJ 維尼
造成貨品價格上漲的原因:8964 copyright protection178PENANA38CmXJ6go8 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANA3fFkGEtyiA
8964 copyright protection178PENANAksAKEJZbtY 維尼
- 經濟好,人民購買力增強,致貨品需求增加,推高物價;
- 貨幣供應增多,致貨幣貶值,物價變相被推高;
- 貨物 / 原材料入口價格上升 (例如:近年中國入口貨品價格隨住國內經濟發展而被推高,致入口中國貨品的地方成本增多。)。
182Please respect copyright.PENANAS4cXkaDMyZ
8964 copyright protection178PENANAoQCvg01V3q 維尼
*上述(1)為良性通漲;(2)及(3)對社會之情況並不健康。8964 copyright protection178PENANAXi6ENucVsk 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANALyA6970T9w
8964 copyright protection178PENANAn6SuI9T4OE 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAXnXQl0Iq8x
8964 copyright protection178PENANApyMj7HuBjp 維尼
***8964 copyright protection178PENANAvQiEcqwzv2 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAufeevu8GX3
8964 copyright protection178PENANAteGwE6I6x7 維尼
- 樓價宏觀調控
182Please respect copyright.PENANAMOz2gpoOyT
8964 copyright protection178PENANAWhSpmDjlQz 維尼
由於樓價為人民之必需品,故這項投資商品較為特別。在大多數國家的政府,都會對樓價議題甚為敏感。8964 copyright protection178PENANAZaHsYiTGn1 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAga10FaGxU7
8964 copyright protection178PENANAmTFE6Gp4Fm 維尼
在調控樓市方面,一般手段如下:8964 copyright protection178PENANAZHOWgkSAME 維尼
- 禁止發展商囤積土地
- 提高銀行借貸息口
- 提高銀行存款準備金
- 增加置業相關稅項
182Please respect copyright.PENANAbElShejPTo
8964 copyright protection178PENANAD83JZzgLZr 維尼
是以,到底走「極端自由經濟」的香港,在樓價嚴重脫離民眾承擔能力之時,仍以「小政府,大市場」掛帥。結果樓價長居不下,貧富懸殊日增,鑄成「深層次社會矛盾」。8964 copyright protection178PENANA9PZ6boutPv 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAWwbHLYgpYn
8964 copyright protection178PENANAzRYlMTrFsK 維尼
這條「絶對自由經濟道路」是否走得成功?是值得商榷的。8964 copyright protection178PENANAOvP0ofcLnN 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAUywCMmAMW1
8964 copyright protection178PENANAZnOf5GPwmP 維尼
***8964 copyright protection178PENANAhDTtEn8nBb 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAtECOXSe9h0
8964 copyright protection178PENANAsqgOyKRbjB 維尼
- 資本主義 VS 社會主義
182Please respect copyright.PENANAhuZ2ckSPgM
8964 copyright protection178PENANANi2umuOxhu 維尼
這是一個長久的問題:哪一種政治制度會是人類最有效?8964 copyright protection178PENANA7a6mNpCdgm 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAaEnvrr6yMi
8964 copyright protection178PENANA0VC00XbvNl 維尼
時至這一刻,相信世上仍未有一種完美的制度,只能說,資本主義和社會主義,對社會之發展而言,各有勝場。分析如下:8964 copyright protection178PENANAaQYdbbZBf6 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANATfveUs1wYp
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- 資本民主主義的優點:
- 制度會選出社會上的大多數民眾支持者作為領導;
- 由於資本主義下,企業自負盈虧;精英可以發揮所長,令社會得到進步;
- 因人民有監督社會之權力,此制度可有效制衡政權,滅少貪官污史。
182Please respect copyright.PENANAJ4ud6lIR18
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- 社會主義之優點:
- 社會資源分配較平均、公平;
- 社會氣氛較和諧;
- 社會出現不會「福利主義」、「政客胡亂向民眾獻媚」,而令國家步向衰亡之情況。
182Please respect copyright.PENANA93rYGaECz2
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***8964 copyright protection178PENANA5vHO73WSii 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAPgOqHDCHbd
8964 copyright protection178PENANA2C5nx7Paxy 維尼
- 供應鏈(Supply Chain)
182Please respect copyright.PENANAygCSxKBde3
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供應鏈不只是運輸行業,還包括以下元素:8964 copyright protection178PENANA3M8rkx7yH4 維尼
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- 售前服務:
包括市場學上的「4P」 8964 copyright protection178PENANAf7aGQwjv1x 維尼
- Product提供貨品和服務, 8964 copyright protection178PENANAUVXmZVDvEd 維尼
- Price 訂立價錢,8964 copyright protection178PENANAZVpvvsP8XE 維尼
- Place 提供服務地點, 8964 copyright protection178PENANAwhGTDs4hTu 維尼
-Promotion 宣傳8964 copyright protection178PENANADL04Q4x3ub 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAbyYP1C8Ej2
8964 copyright protection178PENANAe1LqQeLYXw 維尼
- 物流:
包括:運輸、存倉、貨物管理和資訊科技8964 copyright protection178PENANAls2hbQm0R1 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAYRUZWaKc1a
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- 售後服務:
包括保養、客戶服務等8964 copyright protection178PENANAzRMCNfrSja 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANAhZdXFaMXNk
8964 copyright protection178PENANAZCoJAICn6b 維尼
182Please respect copyright.PENANA729pL4Hlpn
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