科普專欄–薯不揀單 - 深入淺出–大麥的重金屬鎘含量(Cadmium)

過度開採環境，最終受害的只會是人類自己。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKivgLvFXPY
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（圖1）19世紀，日本三井金屬礦業的神岡礦山過度開採，排出的重金屬累積在泥土裡頭，導致河旁的稻田穀物受到鎘(Cadmium)重金屬污染。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKYexvxLzbL
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不知情的居民長期服用鎘污染的稻米，骨骼逐漸變得鬆脆，腎臟亦受到嚴重傷害。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh3LdFrNuYO
最終日本醫生成功證實得到病因來自攝取過量的重金屬鎘，並把患者經常呻痛的病徵命名為痛痛病(‎Itai-itai disease)。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMnZoH7rGF6
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而稻米的鎘含度自此受到重視，世衛WHO更將大麥的鎘上限設為0.1mg kg−1，亦即是每一公斤大麥只可有一微克鎘。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdZVSe12TpL
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（圖2）一直以來，科學家已找出不少穀物吸取或代謝重金屬的基因，把穀物改造，盡量減低重金屬累積在穀物的程度。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHDoNEmIfLI
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近日有科學家比較世界100款大麥的鎘數量(Ref1)，發現日本一款Haruna Nijo大麥的鎘含量最高(0.04mg kg−1），而阿富汗BCS318大麥款式則為最低(0.01mg kg−1）。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOfCnEWV2sV
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（圖3）一輪比較過後，科學家證實阿富汗大麥的HvHMA3蛋白質數量比較多，為大麥減少吸收泥土鎘金屬的主因。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVqEPZkoMNg
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最後證實，歸根原因是一段特定的基因安插在HvHMA3蛋白質基因的前頭，催促HvHMA3蛋白質的產生。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkTZvDMBDmW
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科學家後來再找尋另外334款大麥，發覺有54種同樣被安插在同樣位置，而那54款品種又的確是含有較少的鎘金屬數量。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJCY62VugYn
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最後，科學家把那段基因插在日本Haruna Nijo大麥的適當位置上，同樣亦能將鎘金屬數量減至與阿富汗品種相同，而產量及其他各種礦物質的含量並沒有任何的大改變。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA3ZObXmUZG
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此基因的排序及位置已公開在資料庫上，好讓各種基因學家或相關人士可作參考盡量減低日後穀物的鎘金屬數量。911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN5QfB8p6g9
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https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqZu8y5Rx9b
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Ref1:https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0130-x911Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjfoL5jopOM

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