吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品,其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。884Please respect copyright.PENANABQP4suojuO884Please respect copyright.PENANAyiXt1nZ22N
884Please respect copyright.PENANA2jPkKRCYbT
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本,而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館(Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係(圖1的數字標記區域),自2006年起已甚少公開示人。884Please respect copyright.PENANAVt7v6xLolT
884Please respect copyright.PENANAcUFlrA67Qn
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。884Please respect copyright.PENANA1NMbW38kUy
884Please respect copyright.PENANAsGuBb2WYrl
884Please respect copyright.PENANAuBIOyhnR9E
(圖2)為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制,有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究,並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果(Ref1)。884Please respect copyright.PENANAwUtVQi4f15884Please respect copyright.PENANAPdrP0fKfGe
884Please respect copyright.PENANAIrJPn5yzy2
Cadmium sulfide,為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。884Please respect copyright.PENANALIaACeBHHo
884Please respect copyright.PENANAr6BWiaB4cq
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料,而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。884Please respect copyright.PENANApZ14AEcW9x
884Please respect copyright.PENANArWaetTt0AC
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide,分別為Dry及Wet Method。884Please respect copyright.PENANA0rQRlwwKSX
884Please respect copyright.PENANAvJOlhnD6zb
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式,加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式,得出的成品相對上較為純正。884Please respect copyright.PENANACYP2gvNn5p
884Please respect copyright.PENANAsuOvGDUY9J
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起(如圖中所示),再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。884Please respect copyright.PENANAikMfSb8zfA
基於當時技術相對上不太先進,最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。884Please respect copyright.PENANArPbEGzezPm
884Please respect copyright.PENANAFqDkp2XVz5
(圖3)科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒,再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。884Please respect copyright.PENANAXJRZWI65oI884Please respect copyright.PENANAmlBYWeNoi9
884Please respect copyright.PENANAyyqSD722gv
圖3中間的圖片,其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。884Please respect copyright.PENANAa14LGjbQsr
884Please respect copyright.PENANAAZ8qHnDEYq
下方的圖片,其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。884Please respect copyright.PENANAg6jVGgaL38
884Please respect copyright.PENANAN4BzsMkNxv
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl884Please respect copyright.PENANAwg7yYOYtQ9
綠點:CdSO4884Please respect copyright.PENANAm04t2anbRv
藍點:CdCO3884Please respect copyright.PENANAnlTGaCJaJU
884Please respect copyright.PENANAMYjg9Fu82Y
這三種副產物,在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手,與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。884Please respect copyright.PENANAUr7xAJ3hUx
884Please respect copyright.PENANA7QDLB2M1Qr
(圖4)為進一步了解顏料變色的現象,他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。884Please respect copyright.PENANAG63dzhIBW9884Please respect copyright.PENANA3vdJhFYNMl
884Please respect copyright.PENANAjiqzQBI6pY
拿取畫中碎片後,(圖4左方)他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物(綠點)。884Please respect copyright.PENANAp5nomjFlB2
884Please respect copyright.PENANA03LZZd4mMt
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響,他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C,無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。884Please respect copyright.PENANAY2Ic3333X3
884Please respect copyright.PENANAo7qisiVeDc
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl(綠點)數量大增且集中在一起,其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。884Please respect copyright.PENANAXiTBEO5us1
884Please respect copyright.PENANAJlI9oSLOXT
然而,用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%,攝氏為30°C,300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話,則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。884Please respect copyright.PENANAz9pE336H0c
884Please respect copyright.PENANAjftluY71Fl
884Please respect copyright.PENANAUyG64vZrmi
(圖5)另外,他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。884Please respect copyright.PENANAy1UvhNsGod884Please respect copyright.PENANAfQxbSwCkrc
884Please respect copyright.PENANAdoQRihLt5i
在畫紙塗上顏料油後,已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl(左圖綠點)。884Please respect copyright.PENANA2u0hNakuMi
884Please respect copyright.PENANAW2m6FFZJsQ
(右圖)用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後,綠點數量大增且集中在一起。884Please respect copyright.PENANAz7rKZvW89N
884Please respect copyright.PENANAm42zFM28Qv
884Please respect copyright.PENANAduagp55I2h
(圖6)換句話說,當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油,乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇,而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。884Please respect copyright.PENANAuHTYdVuRjN884Please respect copyright.PENANATkrwz4a6Yj
884Please respect copyright.PENANAFq1jwQ8utQ
基於這發現,在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下,吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。884Please respect copyright.PENANAYQHmccYR4T
884Please respect copyright.PENANAhWTFsUApnM
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。884Please respect copyright.PENANApYAPkY8BE8
884Please respect copyright.PENANAVGeh3Q3JM1
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc884Please respect copyright.PENANAOlUh6chB7b
884Please respect copyright.PENANA22c1IyeBOm
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。884Please respect copyright.PENANAuD1Vzfqr8c
884Please respect copyright.PENANAkVDKTv3uFv
Link:884Please respect copyright.PENANAO8F8p1hS9j
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio884Please respect copyright.PENANAkyFFPsSQ0E
884Please respect copyright.PENANA6npe55rZ2k
884Please respect copyright.PENANApcRxUeEMtk
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。884Please respect copyright.PENANA1CMVYU84mE
884Please respect copyright.PENANAXBBuM61M3U
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514884Please respect copyright.PENANAA5MmkwYI46
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科普專欄–薯不揀單
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薯仔聞茱莉

篇 #51
深入淺出–以化學角度審視吶喊名畫
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