吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品,其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。960Please respect copyright.PENANAzlQ0f9eaPy960Please respect copyright.PENANAcsSICcTlbo
960Please respect copyright.PENANAxHskOPNujP
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本,而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館(Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係(圖1的數字標記區域),自2006年起已甚少公開示人。960Please respect copyright.PENANAK6jwSAzHBE
960Please respect copyright.PENANAP6Vh9ACD6j
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。960Please respect copyright.PENANAx8S6LlmGIC
960Please respect copyright.PENANA0VjAEB4SPo
960Please respect copyright.PENANAHKwKJMxZO0
(圖2)為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制,有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究,並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果(Ref1)。960Please respect copyright.PENANAyCXMx6KjDM960Please respect copyright.PENANA6cDmbOTj20
960Please respect copyright.PENANARqKbUwLVi4
Cadmium sulfide,為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。960Please respect copyright.PENANAetlWyYsZF3
960Please respect copyright.PENANAMmN1obiQMZ
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料,而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。960Please respect copyright.PENANAPxfkZK3IXb
960Please respect copyright.PENANAPDwo3Mih3R
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide,分別為Dry及Wet Method。960Please respect copyright.PENANARJGdG0jmwI
960Please respect copyright.PENANAEkqgDvRGl0
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式,加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式,得出的成品相對上較為純正。960Please respect copyright.PENANAyUSSpU74bP
960Please respect copyright.PENANA8f5YklpxsF
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起(如圖中所示),再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。960Please respect copyright.PENANATFzDlXxw9B
基於當時技術相對上不太先進,最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。960Please respect copyright.PENANALFA1hHvg07
960Please respect copyright.PENANAAmAl5jj2xj
(圖3)科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒,再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。960Please respect copyright.PENANA7lxewlHX5a960Please respect copyright.PENANAgjLcb2YbL7
960Please respect copyright.PENANAwZbOJnlDLp
圖3中間的圖片,其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。960Please respect copyright.PENANAQrnV0RRWxp
960Please respect copyright.PENANA1BezMIU3X6
下方的圖片,其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。960Please respect copyright.PENANA29IK7IAkG7
960Please respect copyright.PENANApgXpNhSrX4
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl960Please respect copyright.PENANAynXcNylVH9
綠點:CdSO4960Please respect copyright.PENANAqcYLfsw8N5
藍點:CdCO3960Please respect copyright.PENANAUqoPSPmpre
960Please respect copyright.PENANAhUPPZEHUDc
這三種副產物,在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手,與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。960Please respect copyright.PENANATPAqthE7Mf
960Please respect copyright.PENANAyTQoSbEprY
(圖4)為進一步了解顏料變色的現象,他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。960Please respect copyright.PENANARGENuYNTJU960Please respect copyright.PENANAsIUi6OzdEW
960Please respect copyright.PENANAY9IgoW3lo7
拿取畫中碎片後,(圖4左方)他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物(綠點)。960Please respect copyright.PENANAS3l1r5OXnN
960Please respect copyright.PENANArW0do8rxcS
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響,他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C,無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。960Please respect copyright.PENANAiPbpra8oai
960Please respect copyright.PENANAex1g95REBH
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl(綠點)數量大增且集中在一起,其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。960Please respect copyright.PENANAFdYceX4OGR
960Please respect copyright.PENANAIcuLGS7SZK
然而,用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%,攝氏為30°C,300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話,則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。960Please respect copyright.PENANAQFYb0HjtQX
960Please respect copyright.PENANATvBurN2lGz
960Please respect copyright.PENANADKOfstqOsc
(圖5)另外,他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。960Please respect copyright.PENANAVEwz2STXeu960Please respect copyright.PENANAoeYMi8GKSf
960Please respect copyright.PENANAh6d5uPjCpc
在畫紙塗上顏料油後,已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl(左圖綠點)。960Please respect copyright.PENANATHexGRJpni
960Please respect copyright.PENANAaNc7h4N6zk
(右圖)用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後,綠點數量大增且集中在一起。960Please respect copyright.PENANA2EnwUGgEhZ
960Please respect copyright.PENANAoAKm1kylDi
960Please respect copyright.PENANA9wYNe4JunK
(圖6)換句話說,當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油,乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇,而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。960Please respect copyright.PENANADmK5J19luq960Please respect copyright.PENANAg5uSQuhhWs
960Please respect copyright.PENANAmT4Qo5JdKh
基於這發現,在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下,吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。960Please respect copyright.PENANAAixrStMEJI
960Please respect copyright.PENANA8V1D3dueVZ
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。960Please respect copyright.PENANASsIdGVIGQ5
960Please respect copyright.PENANAIdcY1bre4v
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc960Please respect copyright.PENANAzdhPfjIPvi
960Please respect copyright.PENANAyibNvVIkhb
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。960Please respect copyright.PENANAVyMXcBMphJ
960Please respect copyright.PENANAwnUoCYCgY0
Link:960Please respect copyright.PENANAakwdv8vMkg
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio960Please respect copyright.PENANATuRVqeiLkF
960Please respect copyright.PENANAEFvOQ4UeBH
960Please respect copyright.PENANA0NVBWCtiXw
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。960Please respect copyright.PENANAJNf2F5qyqp
960Please respect copyright.PENANAy9LnY2VBSB
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514960Please respect copyright.PENANAsYj8hA5eDc
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科普專欄–薯不揀單
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薯仔聞茱莉

篇 #51
深入淺出–以化學角度審視吶喊名畫
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