吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品,其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。940Please respect copyright.PENANAgyZsiTJjHi940Please respect copyright.PENANAJSJYbJE41H
940Please respect copyright.PENANAPKr7O5Kd8E
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本,而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館(Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係(圖1的數字標記區域),自2006年起已甚少公開示人。940Please respect copyright.PENANAm91BuXaGpn
940Please respect copyright.PENANAwoPozxEvNN
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。940Please respect copyright.PENANAaNOxN7VHVr
940Please respect copyright.PENANAvTbOphKisl
940Please respect copyright.PENANAKGqkRB5fro
(圖2)為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制,有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究,並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果(Ref1)。940Please respect copyright.PENANADRj0AxKVKq940Please respect copyright.PENANAeAUEEnpXJT
940Please respect copyright.PENANAr9HjjJVG03
Cadmium sulfide,為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。940Please respect copyright.PENANA0SteRyaAS2
940Please respect copyright.PENANAbN304Gu13D
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料,而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。940Please respect copyright.PENANA8rifL24olX
940Please respect copyright.PENANAuQ6KLd3e6c
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide,分別為Dry及Wet Method。940Please respect copyright.PENANAYqxYDVrbzJ
940Please respect copyright.PENANA5eH3M3YBTU
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式,加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式,得出的成品相對上較為純正。940Please respect copyright.PENANAXc8QLxMsu6
940Please respect copyright.PENANAYANnazcXOE
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起(如圖中所示),再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。940Please respect copyright.PENANAwXhzHPpnma
基於當時技術相對上不太先進,最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。940Please respect copyright.PENANA6tXvN8QJc5
940Please respect copyright.PENANAlX7iQJgE3l
(圖3)科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒,再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。940Please respect copyright.PENANAGe3FiWB8tp940Please respect copyright.PENANA2x7MpcElzy
940Please respect copyright.PENANAgw2vGjvXZ9
圖3中間的圖片,其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。940Please respect copyright.PENANA2vn54RAuLT
940Please respect copyright.PENANAwiXxlca3w6
下方的圖片,其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。940Please respect copyright.PENANAqyAhDo6bYa
940Please respect copyright.PENANA7eBJidtHcc
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl940Please respect copyright.PENANAnBwjheah9A
綠點:CdSO4940Please respect copyright.PENANAz9Nf3rCxc9
藍點:CdCO3940Please respect copyright.PENANAQcwx2aAG4D
940Please respect copyright.PENANAOkFYzoV5m2
這三種副產物,在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手,與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。940Please respect copyright.PENANAhVax6JaPXb
940Please respect copyright.PENANAjbkdumbwkc
(圖4)為進一步了解顏料變色的現象,他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。940Please respect copyright.PENANAvCgKEx9KPe940Please respect copyright.PENANAuR4xdkApKm
940Please respect copyright.PENANAoMfpYSH0CA
拿取畫中碎片後,(圖4左方)他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物(綠點)。940Please respect copyright.PENANArSE1cFvxMK
940Please respect copyright.PENANAG6QpIw3fgv
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響,他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C,無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。940Please respect copyright.PENANAcVdGtv2hC8
940Please respect copyright.PENANA5xPL6Mt03y
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl(綠點)數量大增且集中在一起,其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。940Please respect copyright.PENANAJcYptaUsVl
940Please respect copyright.PENANAh5gTkDmMc4
然而,用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%,攝氏為30°C,300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話,則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。940Please respect copyright.PENANAszzVaTA1gC
940Please respect copyright.PENANALKqQDkKehx
940Please respect copyright.PENANAJfqUFXFOx3
(圖5)另外,他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。940Please respect copyright.PENANAQ9FP3H0dUf940Please respect copyright.PENANAhusKoSeRz6
940Please respect copyright.PENANAU8ApbmJgvM
在畫紙塗上顏料油後,已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl(左圖綠點)。940Please respect copyright.PENANAYoU8UEuNCR
940Please respect copyright.PENANARipu4yjuL9
(右圖)用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後,綠點數量大增且集中在一起。940Please respect copyright.PENANARi3Zz9HQmv
940Please respect copyright.PENANAl1i3sCq49q
940Please respect copyright.PENANAFVlXfk9v2h
(圖6)換句話說,當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油,乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇,而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。940Please respect copyright.PENANAkxeStGhaIn940Please respect copyright.PENANA8EwSMgAaQc
940Please respect copyright.PENANAo85bac3OOn
基於這發現,在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下,吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。940Please respect copyright.PENANAgXWjoWYwb8
940Please respect copyright.PENANAJTwlCU65W9
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。940Please respect copyright.PENANAHW1oZjQ6XM
940Please respect copyright.PENANAh1CC1fGWE9
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc940Please respect copyright.PENANAtfs7lrlzAH
940Please respect copyright.PENANANjkRuSYOmB
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。940Please respect copyright.PENANAXiFVHI7PbI
940Please respect copyright.PENANAfUv88bo7VM
Link:940Please respect copyright.PENANAr9TaQKwqbA
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio940Please respect copyright.PENANAjTBlJpbSHJ
940Please respect copyright.PENANAvvA3YPPc3X
940Please respect copyright.PENANAZ6KtrZnz69
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。940Please respect copyright.PENANAhTgLLoBuEy
940Please respect copyright.PENANAjFr14jjr5g
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514940Please respect copyright.PENANAD35JRUdech
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科普專欄–薯不揀單
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薯仔聞茱莉

篇 #51
深入淺出–以化學角度審視吶喊名畫
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