吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe01ggkd26J
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4WqJsG0Ubm
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡls15PdrIli
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeLCSmGbbG1
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdJSGne3sdj
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk2aTxKEKEn
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZw6FAvOaUz
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxUgUy0LqZT
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo8g3xwDMCo
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡufwAUDa2Gp
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ72fLW2Ivcz
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM7ANnPa03E
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhpqA85akFn
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIKtPTlUT45
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoQeYLdKt02
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMopDEseKP0
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVU5Uj1sev9
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9Qvd6ZEG2F
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZUrimverTg
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFntEcj4hI5
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ67c0OdJcmE
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5trbNYulDd
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHd7Tvnoh7B
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkUyWAXtcMl
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ44shjmq4rJ
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWXbdXNpkA6
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6b1lWTnhGo
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡepM6HG0J7L
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWYSWk9gcPg
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkz6vnoRNoY
綠點:CdSO4988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8cyIh8JwsH
藍點:CdCO3988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlrgSf4U86m
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkjCf1M8jBR
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPQCRd26NGE
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIFqlSHZNOZ
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIUtcLLiEvi
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgrkFNetrN2
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAyseHXiYAh
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMKdt6bGnfO
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyKH5eePRLS
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4fP3iRgicy
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9EAL5Vdzmf
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgNYUJOXXf3
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡObDPd8ucSO
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt8q2SGla3T
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsEx5g59Y5Z
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC64Q4I3PkJ
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAsBptGMERi
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdSA0WYKC9c
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdSqydhOFfo
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjULvNevn83
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2lJnHs8ShQ
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBd9WgxkIR1
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPt3OsDi2kt
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO38Ds6uDOO
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2uM13zbGzM
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaU4qxto1aX
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvYaGXnYq7E
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXSaLmzr2av
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa9z0vSfusY
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjq0VCQUZDP
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL7yspcaRBT
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxOzX2iRfIU
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8vX1dftKho
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFA8Bo7KxeN
Link:988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxjcAOtjNBV
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrhScd8DJ6m
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2RkvoCvlxm
988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG04g9Wcuc5
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtvy78GdlCp
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Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514988Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZx9mCaRufg
8964 copyright protection984ＰＥＮＡＮＡo4yRHFvluf 維尼

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