香港政府發板決定購置輝瑞及科興武肺病毒疫苗,林鄭月蛾及一眾首長斷言會率先注射,以身展示疫苗的安全性。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAYY6kE3xLyd
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAG4kw9UUCuA
本文章將綜合中國武肺疫苗的現況、簡介疫苗的理念,引據各方科學證據及歷史前例,對文章命題作一簡略探討。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAxNqLoERcLb
1073Please respect copyright.PENANA5qHYVOIzZg
(圖1)圖中為中國Phase疫苗3臨床研究的地域分佈概覽。依據官方說法,疫苗研發之時乃為中國武肺感染人數貧乏之時,為了探討疫苗效用,中國唯有選址國外將第三期臨床實驗,其人數及地域已詳列在圖中。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAqrjGgoaps5
1073Please respect copyright.PENANADvqsi4bgmu
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAGO4cBnKD8z
中國現時進入Phase3臨床研究的疫苗公司共有3間,分別為國營CNBG、科興 Sinovac及康希諾Cansino。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAZ9ai4mh90H
1073Please respect copyright.PENANA6jLAiuFW2Z
其中國營CNBG及科興 Sinovac生產的疫苗均為滅活病毒疫苗,而香港政府則已決定選購科興 Sinovac生產的滅活病毒疫苗,唯政府專家小組已公開向傳媒表明沒有提議政府選購中國疫苗。1073Please respect copyright.PENANA9YZpsZS4xd
1073Please respect copyright.PENANArFNBgh5lyV
除香港外,巴西政府在9月時份用上9千萬美金向科興 Sinovac購置4千6百萬枝滅活病毒疫苗,唯香港政府現時並沒有向外公開購置金額。1073Please respect copyright.PENANA4t5pKtweRr
1073Please respect copyright.PENANA5C6j5eSgx9
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAkWtf1Qy9jX
(圖2)注射武肺疫苗的主要目的,就是誘導身體產生對抗武肺病毒的抗體。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAUbPFCkU3cD
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAGmOr9rglfr
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAkgx26IdqaJ
疫苗主要功用有三,學界現時的研究相對上側重在第一點。1073Please respect copyright.PENANApJAcj6fCjn
1073Please respect copyright.PENANANOKCYG9un9
一:抗體能夠阻礙病毒進入人體細胞。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAJwTb98TkpL
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAm0hwg2sjD0
二:抗體能夠標記病毒,1073Please respect copyright.PENANAaF99k9IPxH
指示其他免疫細胞前來消滅病毒。1073Please respect copyright.PENANADDdFJ7gAQ7
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAohNVYEi5jm
三:某情況下,抗體更能夠指示免疫細胞殺滅已受病毒感染的細胞。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAPuRDv9Ydkp
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAhkA308673w
(圖3)用二分法來界定抗體種類的話,能夠阻礙病毒進入細胞的抗體,學界稱之為Neutralization Antibody。1073Please respect copyright.PENANA1N0I49rkWU
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAYA66Af9MIk
1073Please respect copyright.PENANA8jEnERzVRP
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAcBblO1ctk6
不能夠阻礙病毒進入細胞的抗體,學界則稱之為Non-Neutralization Antibody。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAV7JE1fZHXs
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAi3Z59oR6a4
換句話說,抗體並不是越多就越好,要有足夠多數量的Neutralization Antibody才能達到防疫功效。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAhuqr9lR7Jg
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAVpnSWgAETn
(圖4)用上滅活病毒製作疫苗的話,人體產生的抗體會拼合在病毒不同位置之上。1073Please respect copyright.PENANARajB9Qd8i5
1073Please respect copyright.PENANANFs0J1SDmf
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAzNwNTZThrJ
若抗體並非拼合在S protein裡頭的關鍵位置上,產生的抗體有較大成數無法阻礙病毒進入細胞,亦即為Non-Neutralization Antibody。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAwjBBKtA3Iv
1073Please respect copyright.PENANA4olaTu3AOn
相反,其他主流疫苗用上不同方式在人體內表達武肺S protein,人體產生的抗體主力針對S protein,較大成數為Neutralization Antibody。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAqcO2d3CSNH
1073Please respect copyright.PENANADUnEV32nnq
(圖5)滅活病毒疫苗有較大成數會產生Non-Neutralization Antibody,那又如何呢?1073Please respect copyright.PENANA05jEVUPVNX
1073Please respect copyright.PENANABY3L2qoUPA
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAhrl6CkUiw7
在1960年,美國利用滅活病毒製作人類呼吸道合胞病毒 (Respiratory syncytial virus)疫苗。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAPO3WUowPFq
80%的兒童注射後出現嚴重呼吸症狀,2名兒童死亡。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAq1o6rlvJsu
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAQB5OfOnWrl
事後發現,滅活病毒所製作的疫苗所產生的Non-Neutralization Antibody數量對比Neutralization Antibody為多,因此出現名為ADE的症狀,引致注射疫苗的兒童比沒有注射的兒童更容易遭受病毒侵襲以及出現嚴症。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAnPWvzBr5r4
1073Please respect copyright.PENANApEhFlxz1wZ
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAtz7DaSWG6Z
2016年,WHO世衛批准菲律賓為9歲以下的兒童注射以登革熱滅活病毒製作的Dengvaxia疫苗 ,認可其安全性。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAZTlOl7BGzY
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAPGVgLkh059
奈何,2017年疫苗公司發現疫苗會產生名為ADE的症狀,亦即會導致注射疫苗的人士更容易染上登革熱或出現嚴症,下令立即停止注射。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAEPuYtti6fz
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAsUjQtCh2X6
那時候已有超過830,000兒童注射疫苗,震驚四方。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAjKv1vsbQgG
2018年9月,「官方」數字為130兒童因注射疫苗而死亡,其中19人體內發現登革熱病毒,引證ADE的存在。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAD9mRrKPbwb
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAFq8CZ1EM4M
既然擁有1960年ADE的先例,何解50年後菲律賓會再度出現ADE慘劇呢?1073Please respect copyright.PENANAOwWfmXahTI
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAzap7o0mvyL
其中之一的原因是,ADE無法在動物模型確實呈現,因此非常困難能夠預先作出探討。1073Please respect copyright.PENANArNxl9oi1c5
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAw1Ogkjou8V
現時學界共識是,Neutralization Antibody :Non-Neutralization Antibody比例越高的話,1073Please respect copyright.PENANAMY1NIs6ynd
ADE產生的機率便越低。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAWn2qAaCeEI
但非常遺憾的是,亦有個別例子Neutralization Antibody 會引發ADE症狀。1073Please respect copyright.PENANASeIbWVLckO
1073Please respect copyright.PENANA6GWx2qMOxn
會否出現ADE症狀,只有依靠觀察人體臨床研究的結果才能得知,1073Please respect copyright.PENANA4aPFan7Hbz
這亦是為何第一間踏入臨床第三期研究的Moderna其正式完整報告官方日期為2022年7月,到那時候才會有相對確實資料疫苗會否引起ADE症狀。1073Please respect copyright.PENANARvOMXHGvV9
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAZpm9J2yCBU
現時Moderna/輝瑞Pfizer/牛津AstraZeneca的中期第三期報告,無一能夠對ADE的安全性作出探討。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAAkggDiewPr
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAXLLKx1yKYN
根據現時資料,最壞的ADE情況,將會是注射疫苗後的7-14日產生嚴重過敏免疫反應,肺部無法正常運作窒息而死。1073Please respect copyright.PENANASGBHIPddfM
較好的ADE情況,將為注射疫苗後更大機會染上武漢肺炎。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAODLd39mUzO
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAps9qixTzlc
在此,讓我們祝褔林鄭及三萬警察在注射疫苗後會出現ADE症狀,亦懇求麵神祝褔林鄭注射疫苗後不會出現ADE症狀。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAi687Gf1WVl
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAeSQDuvtKZA
ADE症狀延伸閱讀:https://lihkg.com/thread/2161912/page/11073Please respect copyright.PENANAbSWkZwKZYv
1073Please respect copyright.PENANA7gPj55dncr
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAuI4UAWfj1v
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAeVdhR4EDag
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc1073Please respect copyright.PENANAmDfBdpgDxL
1073Please respect copyright.PENANARmHzqzwp09
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。1073Please respect copyright.PENANAS0QyWPIm5c
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAAlotsUaUV1
Link:1073Please respect copyright.PENANAJmtLSK1qSU
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio1073Please respect copyright.PENANAEoGKQulIir
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAAckUttHycN
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。1073Please respect copyright.PENANA5xwr8usmZu
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAcL85OA5fNV
https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/1073Please respect copyright.PENANAThtAzZiGeq
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAcMTV3ovDEX
1073Please respect copyright.PENANAg13RvPuN6C
Ref1:https://science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6522/12631073Please respect copyright.PENANAFzFYdmUNst
Ref2:https://www.nature.com/articles/nm0109-%20%20211073Please respect copyright.PENANABYi7jl7vRR
Ref3:https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/94/17/e01083-20.full.pdf1073Please respect copyright.PENANAGBEqWrPgnB
Ref4:https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30843-4/fulltext1073Please respect copyright.PENANAcGqLsmXM6a
Ref5:https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/dengue-vaccine-fiasco-leads-criminal-charges-researcher-philippines1073Please respect copyright.PENANAb441Z3sT54