明慈淨行記 - 第33章《Coding Art》第7篇 Ubuntu/Linux LTS 24 桌面版安装和配置记录 V2

A. 下载iso文件，制作启动U盘

aria2c -x 4 -s 12 "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso"

安装启动盘制作软件rufus162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqVksJBsQf5
https://github.com/pbatard/rufus/releases/download/v4.5/rufus-4.5.exe162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzxLR6eOYiY
U盘的容量必须大于7G，在rufus中选择U盘, iso文件，MBR分区类型，NTFS文件格式，点击开始，选择以ISO镜像模式写入。

官方参考资料：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7FNkmOK0bH
https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows#1-overview

162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWM4E268C8l
B. 安装ubuntu

从U盘启动电脑162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMEouXClEUj
try or install ubuntu162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgWTyxJu2gu
choose your language: english162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmmHKNUwyhQ
accessibility in ubuntu: next162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF5LiYxBC7N
select your keyboard layout: english(US)162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo172pYZ9yl
connect to the internet: connect to a wi-fi network162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9WPoNDp6Gb
install ubuntu162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA3ZkKVswCd
interactive installation162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt4VdsUZJKi
extended selection162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH70sXyeYMI
check: install third-party software for graphics and wi-fi hardware162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoDaFjoMQAK
check: download and install support for additional media formats162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCsYBMjbbNm
erase disk and install ubuntu162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmLjKTwWjVb
choose sdb162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8GC81DjYjc
your name: buda 162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ24cgc0sVp6
your computer's name: vultr162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnFXKwXUusq
your username: buda 162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOhE3PwMpjG
timezone: shanghai162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0TiO6p7KG2
install162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpV2MPTQWw0
restart now162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ74RFAo60Dd
拔出U盘, 按enter键

162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ97aWsK3mxz
C. 初始化設置

点击左下角ubuntu图标进入开始菜单，将terminal pin to dash162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFLhvqQCsae
# sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

安装常用工具, 開發编译环境162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmYjixAPC5X
# sudo apt install nano net-tools build-essential gdb git glibc-source unzip openssl libssl-dev libzip-dev aria2 lsof162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAZ9Olr4hMt
# cd /usr/src/glibc162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzSTtm3cIXY
# tar xvf glibc-2.39.tar.xz162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡby39TAobuH
在gdb中指定glibc的源代碼：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡityqvKHzF8
gdb> directory /usr/src/glibc/glibc-2.39

將用戶加入root組162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB5x014UBxH
# usermod -a -G root buda162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFj13DvfgmZ
# groups buda

黑屏时间设置：15分钟无操作后黑屏162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCn08DepSmj
点左下角进入开始菜单, search "power", click " (settings) Power" blank screen: 15 mins

apt search rethinkdb162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZALuJ5O7zq
apt show rethinkdb162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrW7C2XVO0O
apt remove rethinkdb162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvklzYN3Qnz
cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ #进入PPA源文件所在目录162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdDDftouRII
sudo rm XXX.list #删除一个PPA源list文件162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKWHAUpCaSR
sudo apt update

162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoLvV23b4IO
D. 安裝中文輸入法rime

# sudo apt install ibus-rime rime-data-luna-pinyin162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJZjkHUTh6i
点击左下角进入开始菜单，选择settings, keyboard，+ add input source...，others, chinese(rime)162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8e5MS7yols
点击chinese(rime)右边的小竖点，move up，将chinese(rime)移到Input Sources列表的第一行162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrbCFi5X1h8
编辑配置文件162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6SWljzh5LA
一次显示9个候选词、模糊音162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS5l7wDNwbM
# nano ~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRnQQ03Ywfb
---------default.custom.yaml的内容如下-----------162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8jge9dRFeE
patch:162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8JKBdW62NH
"menu/page_size": 9

'speller/algebra':162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiItT0hd0nV
- erase/^xx$/ # 第一行保留

# 模糊音定義162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7qQgk3z9mo
- derive/^([zcs])h/$1/ # zh, ch, sh => z, c, s162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL9jVKePHvB
- derive/^([zcs])([^h])/$1h$2/ # z, c, s => zh, ch, sh

- derive/^n/l/ # n => l162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpADiIZbb4g
- derive/^l/n/ # l => n

- derive/([ei])n$/$1ng/ # en => eng, in => ing162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOrY2O0fgrb
- derive/([ei])ng$/$1n/ # eng => en, ing => in162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8hjmVDAI9i
--------------------------------------------------------------162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlUqcwUjceZ
为了使模糊音生效，拷贝配置文件162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTdbjUx2MaR
# cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin_simp.custom.yaml && cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin.custom.yaml162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwMIR9Tmjpt
部署rime输入法：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxrqOTLEupi
# ibus restart162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6WInVMHIru
# ibus engine rime162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbkfMnglOJs
在输入时按F4或者Ctrl+\`可弹出菜单，选择菜单上的数字可进行简繁输入转换162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCqYdHojCU3
按shift键进行中英输入转换162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXkTZwwKmSx
有时候输入法失效时，可以重新运行一下部署rime的命令

参考资料：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqsRWbzBjIn
CustomizationGuide · rime/home Wiki · GitHub162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqoKjopnx0r
https://www.cnblogs.com/keatonlao/p/12983158.html

162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWIS4JFFxo6
E. 安裝重要軟件

从code官网下载deb包，然后安装162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRypl8KPUDD
# sudo apt install ./code_1.90.0-1717531825_amd64.deb

gimp图片编辑器, chromium浏览器162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzvuPVi1IXD
从app center安装

墙内安装node/npm162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9tushHOidP
https://nodejs.org/en/ 下载LTS版本162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNuEiNYT0hT
# cd ~/Downloads162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVff8HX1Z3q
# wget https://nodejs.org/dist/v20.15.0/node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW0Z1nEU7Dy
# tar --strip-components 1 -xvf node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz -C /usr/local162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqpcp4Kf7sJ
# node -v162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHj4TBzBzXn
# npm install npm@latest -g162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm8qKeGDBdC
# npm config get registry162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyqf3PpAKPF
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeUXtb3eLdJ
如果想用回官方registry:162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQbFkE5QmW8
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmjs.org

墙外安装node/npm162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXved7xUJ1L
# curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFAFXwetaxR
# export NVM_DIR="$([ -z "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME-}" ] && printf %s "${HOME}/.nvm" || printf %s "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/nvm")"162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNLvzEBR1M8
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" # This loads nvm162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7BZYlmKf7L
# nvm install --lts162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn26oI1ojWZ
# npm install npm@latest -g

安装162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJPoZFsynfE
npm i package_name162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8vSDJDKvIc
项目更新162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaSN4u7EUH8
npm update

F. 配置服務器連接

1. ssh免密登录Linux服务器

在客户端检查是否存在证书162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBzAxWdDuKh
# ls -al ~/.ssh/id_*.pub162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMf4pGKCXBQ
如果不存在，生成证书162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0Ty6iTh6LQ
# ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "[email protected]"162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcvZwHuau97
生成证书的过程中使用空白的 passphrase162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeIOkonbqQq
将证书拷贝到服务器162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡorItCisDlD
# ssh-copy-id root@server

2. 从windows登录linux

如果是从windows系统连接ubuntu，可以安装putty作为访问服务器的终端。 162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxCzjDTqDiz
下载putty: https://www.putty.org/

putty免密登录Linux服务器的方法

在putty的安装目录找到puttygen.exe，运行生成ssl私钥和公钥，保存私钥到文件，复制公钥。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiAY6C8QVQS
在putty的 connection/data 设置登录用户名为root，connection/ssh/auth/credentials中设置私钥的文件，保存设置。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡncQm2tj37a
将公钥写入服务器的 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件中, reboot ubuntu使修改生效162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡypEAtdg0vo
# nano ~/.ssh/authorized_keys162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKtTngIl6IT
# reboot

如果想保持putty与服务器的连接保持不断线，可以在Putty中设置每隔一定的时间发一次心跳消息。

3. 保持与服务器的ssh连接不断线的方法

ssh连接服务器时如果容易断线，可以修改服务器sshd的设置，保持ssh连接不断线：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKvH86CuC5Y
# nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdaHYb179gO
ClientAliveInterval 60 # 表示每60秒发送一次请求，从而保持连接不断线。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3aMqMF6Fbx
ClientAliveCountMax 10 # 表示服务器发出请求后客户端没有响应的次数达到10次，就自动断开连接162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSW2cgT0vAE
# systemctl restart sshd

4. 從ubuntu remote windows用remmina

從app中心安裝remmina162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQeevFr0LmZ
新建connection到windows

Basic標籤162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkX05VqlXUi
server: ip/domain.name, username: Administrator, password: ***162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsHJGYaolLf
share folder中填寫ubuntu中的路徑，則可從windows訪問162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWtst8b89zo
resolution中可設置合適的屏幕大小

Advanced標籤162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKJezPLK1h7
output audio: 選擇local，則是windows發出的聲音

windows server 默認是麼有開啓聲音服務的，要設置一下才能發出聲音：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ98QqePmZLE
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1894933

G. 網絡安全設置

防火墙设置162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIhwq10JljN
# ufw allow 22162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfMnjhd8sJ1
# ufw allow 80162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuYYlWV947j
# ufw allow 443162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1V3rNi4UwB
# ufw enable162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDsCQtkWYrR
# ufw status

H. 常用命令

创建软链接162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRPSD6XUrFA
# sudo ln -s 源文件目标文件

修改密码162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt36C8m8E9P
# passwd root162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIgdqEtg7yE
# usermod -a -G groupA username162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcE03Epff9o
# groups username

修改hostname162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡILDHkfvvBv
# hostnamectl set-hostname xiaoyue

查看cpu162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdEvEQLTQg2
# lscpu

查看内存162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ25k7Idi73o
# free -h162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTqjhmYr3dl
# top

釋放被buff/cache占用的内存162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdptj3Hi8qF
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空页面缓存162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG2Tkny6KAJ
# sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空目录项缓存162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1WtCshm53A
# sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空SLAB缓存162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgaP8HVHH0N
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空所有缓存162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOsY8yi9Hlx
用sudo执行：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUWTVg1eqi1
# sudo sh -c "echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"

162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFOPDDUrSht
查看硬盘162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9LnFa6Jvic
# sudo lshw -c disk162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4zJogbNkN6
查看分区162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtq7tKAfaRJ
# sudo fdisk -l162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnDZADnXZLs
查看磁盘剩余空间162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ66chzMfTT9
# df -hl

文件壓縮和打包162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYk79Hyclfm
將在windows上壓縮出的zip文件傳遞給Linux系統解壓縮時，文件名會出現亂碼，這是因爲在Windows上文件名的編碼取決於「控制面板-時鐘和區域-區域-管理-非unicode程序語言」中的設置，中國大陸默認是簡體中文，gb2312(cp936)編碼. 而在Linux系統上則統一是utf-8編碼。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVZsHISVcN5
如何解決？最簡單的辦法是在解壓縮的時候說明一下原來的編碼，這樣壓縮工具就會識別出原來的文件名而自動將文件名轉爲utf8編碼, 命令如下：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKmwfp8oV4R
unzip -O cp936 temp.zip

改變文件權限162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLIjdlshNGo
# chmod g+w <文件/目录路径>162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlgCcMbpdqm
# chmod -R g+w /path/to/directory162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEBZwKcZ5Y5
设置所有者为 rwx，组为 r-x，其他用户为 r--：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4tjdlgCYrZ
# chmod 755 <文件/目录路径>

u：所有者（user）。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlzLD6VZzHh
g：所属组（group）。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCOdviWGLvh
o：其他用户（others）。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXRkOQPHE4U
a：所有用户（u、g、o）。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO41pydHwe6
操作符：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ZSyY6YZsX
+：添加权限。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqQWn6zpNT0
-：移除权限。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpqHKIZLNBW
=：设置权限。162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb5WuwuVko6
權限：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQwoxsEit7n
r（读） = 4162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBmzYvmO7q7
w（写） = 2162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5pGiHfXgWf
x（执行） = 1162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyod8wTfvFX
-（无权限） = 0162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRPOHpiWTMP
通过加法得到最终的权限值。例如：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDJvjdgNJP9
7 = rwx（4 + 2 + 1）162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwqkXjC5o4R
5 = r-x（4 + 1）162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSON1KiCCzs
6 = rw-（4 + 2）162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqMgC3qVK5c
162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡckDu3ay7CG

I. 创建自定义命令

# nano ~/.bash_aliases162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr3lyYfdQer
添加alias, 比如：162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqjFxTbWJsB
alias gitbuda='gitbuda() { git add -A; git commit -m "$1"; git push; }; gitbuda'162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrMORn31nWn
其中$1表示命令的第一个参数，这样就可以用 gitbuda "commit message"来运行命令162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHLOoYRkjGr
# source ~/.bash_aliases

Section X. Thanks

https://ubuntu.com

162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7Dj3ucAEER
Section Y. Contacts Me

If you found any errors or have any suggestions for this article, please let me know, my wechat: si_jinmin, my email: [email protected]162Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjMQOMVjKEX
如果您发现本文有任何错误，或者对本文有好的建议，欢迎与我联系探讨，我的微信: si_jinmin, 我的email: [email protected]

如果您對C/C++ programming, Linux, website development, Vue, Git, vscode感興趣，邀請您加入「Linux/C/C++ Website Development」微信群，請加我的微信（si_jinmin）以便拉您进群。

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