明慈淨行記 - 第33章《Coding Art》第7篇 Ubuntu/Linux LTS 24 桌面版安装和配置记录 V2

A. 下载iso文件，制作启动U盘

aria2c -x 4 -s 12 "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso"

安装启动盘制作软件rufus382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZyExLq18F0
https://github.com/pbatard/rufus/releases/download/v4.5/rufus-4.5.exe382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrcWncnrZEu
U盘的容量必须大于7G，在rufus中选择U盘, iso文件，MBR分区类型，NTFS文件格式，点击开始，选择以ISO镜像模式写入。

官方参考资料：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJdsZe8srWp
https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows#1-overview

382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWIQYuMvd3Y
B. 安装ubuntu

从U盘启动电脑382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZiHmKKWQax
try or install ubuntu382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC8FkW2UA5X
choose your language: english382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiCVXVf99oV
accessibility in ubuntu: next382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSK2ZWpCWuq
select your keyboard layout: english(US)382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡseqEbXxpcP
connect to the internet: connect to a wi-fi network382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEfwPilPWmJ
install ubuntu382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJuCvPMhXJO
interactive installation382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyWLKZrTDni
extended selection382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKkEbZRxjne
check: install third-party software for graphics and wi-fi hardware382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbFpexVRkwr
check: download and install support for additional media formats382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL3QykoP92Z
erase disk and install ubuntu382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvzhqBJzjvi
choose sdb382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVwgug5Dzwd
your name: buda 382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡibNihGdkzy
your computer's name: vultr382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3KTTajS77E
your username: buda 382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQXvckS6DEm
timezone: shanghai382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEbsgsjRWFc
install382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzbN1k5P7nv
restart now382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbFZnI2WC36
拔出U盘, 按enter键

382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCFiv2XSpOz
C. 初始化設置

点击左下角ubuntu图标进入开始菜单，将terminal pin to dash382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRWh3Qs1p1x
# sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

安装常用工具, 開發编译环境382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5EMA5VCOZi
# sudo apt install nano net-tools build-essential gdb git glibc-source unzip openssl libssl-dev libzip-dev aria2 lsof382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOKwEhh6Ts7
# cd /usr/src/glibc382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9XZ1qR9SAq
# tar xvf glibc-2.39.tar.xz382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhcvmy2Ortu
在gdb中指定glibc的源代碼：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡElZnm8Dofm
gdb> directory /usr/src/glibc/glibc-2.39

將用戶加入root組382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbvvBxwpgYb
# usermod -a -G root buda382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgbQ7vduzwY
# groups buda

黑屏时间设置：15分钟无操作后黑屏382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOGHIIgZh5D
点左下角进入开始菜单, search "power", click " (settings) Power" blank screen: 15 mins

apt search rethinkdb382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSZkfKiddCD
apt show rethinkdb382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeUqUi1vee3
apt remove rethinkdb382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSKyFNA70Ca
cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ #进入PPA源文件所在目录382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡADR9nqogUs
sudo rm XXX.list #删除一个PPA源list文件382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRJWJqwerRI
sudo apt update

382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX3LPHMrHUj
D. 安裝中文輸入法rime

# sudo apt install ibus-rime rime-data-luna-pinyin382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8JxZ4TXD0A
点击左下角进入开始菜单，选择settings, keyboard，+ add input source...，others, chinese(rime)382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUu7gN0jmNS
点击chinese(rime)右边的小竖点，move up，将chinese(rime)移到Input Sources列表的第一行382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNzhbSuxQG6
编辑配置文件382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEpjVoDFOpQ
一次显示9个候选词、模糊音382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUHRG4Q1Yn2
# nano ~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTsphqlh5xQ
---------default.custom.yaml的内容如下-----------382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjGZ6sQBrma
patch:382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMjA2QhWNXm
"menu/page_size": 9

'speller/algebra':382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbWAsupQyoX
- erase/^xx$/ # 第一行保留

# 模糊音定義382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkIGuBvWKft
- derive/^([zcs])h/$1/ # zh, ch, sh => z, c, s382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3vKDae8gnL
- derive/^([zcs])([^h])/$1h$2/ # z, c, s => zh, ch, sh

- derive/^n/l/ # n => l382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNIP7hdCmZW
- derive/^l/n/ # l => n

- derive/([ei])n$/$1ng/ # en => eng, in => ing382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmaTlNzmouP
- derive/([ei])ng$/$1n/ # eng => en, ing => in382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ02pedZaKBD
--------------------------------------------------------------382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTJMBC1xV8k
为了使模糊音生效，拷贝配置文件382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXcsNsuPt8O
# cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin_simp.custom.yaml && cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin.custom.yaml382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeqG5OzeXQb
部署rime输入法：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3R2fApy7jR
# ibus restart382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUnoKlambjz
# ibus engine rime382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgO4T20S9Nt
在输入时按F4或者Ctrl+\`可弹出菜单，选择菜单上的数字可进行简繁输入转换382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwBDHF2cYdk
按shift键进行中英输入转换382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡguxcZFB50k
有时候输入法失效时，可以重新运行一下部署rime的命令

参考资料：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7SQVzYqjIm
CustomizationGuide · rime/home Wiki · GitHub382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ8TuqDuUMc
https://www.cnblogs.com/keatonlao/p/12983158.html

382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlBDbkZwpWb
E. 安裝重要軟件

从code官网下载deb包，然后安装382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡayh438zxia
# sudo apt install ./code_1.90.0-1717531825_amd64.deb

gimp图片编辑器, chromium浏览器382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGc3zlA8EKN
从app center安装

墙内安装node/npm382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3GmwXABWUp
https://nodejs.org/en/ 下载LTS版本382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3PyTKJJTxU
# cd ~/Downloads382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMrljbysBXg
# wget https://nodejs.org/dist/v20.15.0/node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgcKX32K5e1
# tar --strip-components 1 -xvf node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz -C /usr/local382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKS8DnU3EvX
# node -v382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ694a8hqIgp
# npm install npm@latest -g382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo4hWFMJykV
# npm config get registry382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX2dnCjMTxH
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡujxWSdyXoI
如果想用回官方registry:382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBiySwkfd0N
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmjs.org

墙外安装node/npm382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡosnlUAh9Kq
# curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2PJAGUsBym
# export NVM_DIR="$([ -z "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME-}" ] && printf %s "${HOME}/.nvm" || printf %s "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/nvm")"382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5p8kELloCa
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" # This loads nvm382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOnRqPk1eFA
# nvm install --lts382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnhLkzB8yCj
# npm install npm@latest -g

安装382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJj5la4YRAP
npm i package_name382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWM34AlT2Y3
项目更新382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡasv0eGFZQw
npm update

F. 配置服務器連接

1. ssh免密登录Linux服务器

在客户端检查是否存在证书382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcGbbGKfrcf
# ls -al ~/.ssh/id_*.pub382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0FkFile6Nh
如果不存在，生成证书382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDUlLiUSkki
# ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "[email protected]"382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1UX5MtO5EQ
生成证书的过程中使用空白的 passphrase382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEMyriWKEDr
将证书拷贝到服务器382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCATzW69riF
# ssh-copy-id root@server

2. 从windows登录linux

如果是从windows系统连接ubuntu，可以安装putty作为访问服务器的终端。 382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4TZNAgonwF
下载putty: https://www.putty.org/

putty免密登录Linux服务器的方法

在putty的安装目录找到puttygen.exe，运行生成ssl私钥和公钥，保存私钥到文件，复制公钥。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAT97luJ2AY
在putty的 connection/data 设置登录用户名为root，connection/ssh/auth/credentials中设置私钥的文件，保存设置。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtgGsj75lMo
将公钥写入服务器的 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件中, reboot ubuntu使修改生效382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ50nHWgjZrZ
# nano ~/.ssh/authorized_keys382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg7lXYszoUU
# reboot

如果想保持putty与服务器的连接保持不断线，可以在Putty中设置每隔一定的时间发一次心跳消息。

3. 保持与服务器的ssh连接不断线的方法

ssh连接服务器时如果容易断线，可以修改服务器sshd的设置，保持ssh连接不断线：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmfsT5CWixW
# nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF8jyvoFzZf
ClientAliveInterval 60 # 表示每60秒发送一次请求，从而保持连接不断线。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtOJtokStQm
ClientAliveCountMax 10 # 表示服务器发出请求后客户端没有响应的次数达到10次，就自动断开连接382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡefZpnnbpmN
# systemctl restart sshd

4. 從ubuntu remote windows用remmina

從app中心安裝remmina382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFhcom8LUyb
新建connection到windows

Basic標籤382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8AfLJnZb0h
server: ip/domain.name, username: Administrator, password: ***382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3rzkYvpX5x
share folder中填寫ubuntu中的路徑，則可從windows訪問382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE6fXIMQcAU
resolution中可設置合適的屏幕大小

Advanced標籤382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv59rpLHdLr
output audio: 選擇local，則是windows發出的聲音

windows server 默認是麼有開啓聲音服務的，要設置一下才能發出聲音：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrDwHYOqaeL
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1894933

G. 網絡安全設置

防火墙设置382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgBGyiINQ9I
# ufw allow 22382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFst7s3IfJ5
# ufw allow 80382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCWHBJxf2wG
# ufw allow 443382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF9HOFWhASr
# ufw enable382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfdIa75rXxw
# ufw status

H. 常用命令

创建软链接382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgzvpnYipMg
# sudo ln -s 源文件目标文件

修改密码382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqFrVSkDfcz
# passwd root382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0Rd6RFlFQe
# usermod -a -G groupA username382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkjqsdDcFXN
# groups username

修改hostname382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡazX7yz3ptW
# hostnamectl set-hostname xiaoyue

查看cpu382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡliLB5msKWW
# lscpu

查看内存382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsfKVCQ8ccg
# free -h382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLueqwmRU5f
# top

釋放被buff/cache占用的内存382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXUFyqigGwC
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空页面缓存382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLEYbfMeI1o
# sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空目录项缓存382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKACVCLtl4J
# sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空SLAB缓存382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUoLC1X6bmN
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空所有缓存382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUVoSidiDJI
用sudo执行：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhH7VMgOLq7
# sudo sh -c "echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"

382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ6HV36aSJf
查看硬盘382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqrOSuO9KIw
# sudo lshw -c disk382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGgJWNqquPQ
查看分区382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNHiTOho8ji
# sudo fdisk -l382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs4vHt5tyoj
查看磁盘剩余空间382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfDkOCvyXfZ
# df -hl

文件壓縮和打包382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl2YHxmEVP2
將在windows上壓縮出的zip文件傳遞給Linux系統解壓縮時，文件名會出現亂碼，這是因爲在Windows上文件名的編碼取決於「控制面板-時鐘和區域-區域-管理-非unicode程序語言」中的設置，中國大陸默認是簡體中文，gb2312(cp936)編碼. 而在Linux系統上則統一是utf-8編碼。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVwRIHENRYv
如何解決？最簡單的辦法是在解壓縮的時候說明一下原來的編碼，這樣壓縮工具就會識別出原來的文件名而自動將文件名轉爲utf8編碼, 命令如下：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOL4UcypYXg
unzip -O cp936 temp.zip

改變文件權限382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4VuDP9K7FC
# chmod g+w <文件/目录路径>382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsf9AmOum4C
# chmod -R g+w /path/to/directory382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX94qKdVTh1
设置所有者为 rwx，组为 r-x，其他用户为 r--：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwCF6qEDpil
# chmod 755 <文件/目录路径>

u：所有者（user）。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkM9RTAsty2
g：所属组（group）。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy2lW3vgmbK
o：其他用户（others）。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFo8solOiPB
a：所有用户（u、g、o）。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsSpsrnlnyC
操作符：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5zYL1JiMEE
+：添加权限。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0OZYiG9byB
-：移除权限。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGkZYDceu6K
=：设置权限。382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu7CP7KMA6t
權限：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMRPGAZOcoo
r（读） = 4382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡExGj4krw3E
w（写） = 2382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkkKI1STxD9
x（执行） = 1382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡepNAh0Gba7
-（无权限） = 0382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡilwrHllNCz
通过加法得到最终的权限值。例如：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNceWdF1MIb
7 = rwx（4 + 2 + 1）382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqPfVkITqOc
5 = r-x（4 + 1）382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp4o272SLdi
6 = rw-（4 + 2）382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjvwppnNhLB
382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfJKyVIlyb7

I. 创建自定义命令

# nano ~/.bash_aliases382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXJj7Tgz0fs
添加alias, 比如：382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyJAeP8bdYL
alias gitbuda='gitbuda() { git add -A; git commit -m "$1"; git push; }; gitbuda'382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhruez4nE9h
其中$1表示命令的第一个参数，这样就可以用 gitbuda "commit message"来运行命令382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU0xa50w3zF
# source ~/.bash_aliases

Section X. Thanks

https://ubuntu.com

382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYvqm4KHpZg
Section Y. Contacts Me

If you found any errors or have any suggestions for this article, please let me know, my wechat: si_jinmin, my email: [email protected]382Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa9nAr79a8z
如果您发现本文有任何错误，或者对本文有好的建议，欢迎与我联系探讨，我的微信: si_jinmin, 我的email: [email protected]

如果您對C/C++ programming, Linux, website development, Vue, Git, vscode感興趣，邀請您加入「Linux/C/C++ Website Development」微信群，請加我的微信（si_jinmin）以便拉您进群。

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