明慈淨行記 - 第33章《Coding Art》第7篇 Ubuntu/Linux LTS 24 桌面版安装和配置记录 V2

A. 下载iso文件，制作启动U盘

aria2c -x 4 -s 12 "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso"

安装启动盘制作软件rufus447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlmxcHcx8Zo
https://github.com/pbatard/rufus/releases/download/v4.5/rufus-4.5.exe447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6fWWtGo3sR
U盘的容量必须大于7G，在rufus中选择U盘, iso文件，MBR分区类型，NTFS文件格式，点击开始，选择以ISO镜像模式写入。

官方参考资料：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjb5ajgPkJz
https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows#1-overview

447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ85uEqa4LWB
B. 安装ubuntu

从U盘启动电脑447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDD03Gfc7hj
try or install ubuntu447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsSEL9wLOec
choose your language: english447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrXzt4VIElG
accessibility in ubuntu: next447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyw4hr6NUz8
select your keyboard layout: english(US)447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfeW3djOacf
connect to the internet: connect to a wi-fi network447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ30EpdWPALZ
install ubuntu447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBbdPBviPxR
interactive installation447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz8YE2ANvPX
extended selection447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCGlqOdWK9v
check: install third-party software for graphics and wi-fi hardware447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3Wylih9W3R
check: download and install support for additional media formats447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ2G8dTqaOh
erase disk and install ubuntu447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡewcNq1hJvo
choose sdb447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfK7Tq0oaz6
your name: buda 447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjjmWrCSfYP
your computer's name: vultr447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM05bs1M1DH
your username: buda 447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfKZ9jLoDdp
timezone: shanghai447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQh1Um4tAUR
install447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPZUrsTYbP3
restart now447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVIuQERRxYO
拔出U盘, 按enter键

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C. 初始化設置

点击左下角ubuntu图标进入开始菜单，将terminal pin to dash447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWiSgmumR04
# sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

安装常用工具, 開發编译环境447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXCJsF2Dhur
# sudo apt install nano net-tools build-essential gdb git glibc-source unzip openssl libssl-dev libzip-dev aria2 lsof447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvs65jKeNPJ
# cd /usr/src/glibc447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5716IXo1EU
# tar xvf glibc-2.39.tar.xz447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxra3hBJAkE
在gdb中指定glibc的源代碼：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3vyfKLaEwz
gdb> directory /usr/src/glibc/glibc-2.39

將用戶加入root組447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4K9l6hQ9wd
# usermod -a -G root buda447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpuhzQCKMa8
# groups buda

黑屏时间设置：15分钟无操作后黑屏447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0gZMDY9kij
点左下角进入开始菜单, search "power", click " (settings) Power" blank screen: 15 mins

apt search rethinkdb447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbqByOomdFb
apt show rethinkdb447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfr5zWgs99h
apt remove rethinkdb447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD0SuCACfVL
cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ #进入PPA源文件所在目录447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiSu55s5geZ
sudo rm XXX.list #删除一个PPA源list文件447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡorh6pQeDJX
sudo apt update

447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmbnk7f4Uc9
D. 安裝中文輸入法rime

# sudo apt install ibus-rime rime-data-luna-pinyin447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5BoMVmqAUB
点击左下角进入开始菜单，选择settings, keyboard，+ add input source...，others, chinese(rime)447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVlPvSaodCn
点击chinese(rime)右边的小竖点，move up，将chinese(rime)移到Input Sources列表的第一行447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFhvSKvQfCF
编辑配置文件447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCEUALyosji
一次显示9个候选词、模糊音447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9ddrM1sVfd
# nano ~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4aB76xCfEG
---------default.custom.yaml的内容如下-----------447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnzk6nNGepk
patch:447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnrp5y17DnU
"menu/page_size": 9

'speller/algebra':447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLNjwbCyJUi
- erase/^xx$/ # 第一行保留

# 模糊音定義447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtAwVLgygZK
- derive/^([zcs])h/$1/ # zh, ch, sh => z, c, s447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFNRBAVbCd6
- derive/^([zcs])([^h])/$1h$2/ # z, c, s => zh, ch, sh

- derive/^n/l/ # n => l447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL1PtX2tjQh
- derive/^l/n/ # l => n

- derive/([ei])n$/$1ng/ # en => eng, in => ing447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9V6a6QTZl1
- derive/([ei])ng$/$1n/ # eng => en, ing => in447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6ukxFH1dKC
--------------------------------------------------------------447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFTNG9igkqL
为了使模糊音生效，拷贝配置文件447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6ejX5fjQL2
# cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin_simp.custom.yaml && cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin.custom.yaml447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbXcopDCsf0
部署rime输入法：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaheUwiWYCX
# ibus restart447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFQsWPEiSEY
# ibus engine rime447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBv9dc5WTLm
在输入时按F4或者Ctrl+\`可弹出菜单，选择菜单上的数字可进行简繁输入转换447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcaT5rfkLI7
按shift键进行中英输入转换447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsAauFeZPSn
有时候输入法失效时，可以重新运行一下部署rime的命令

参考资料：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIrDwEPxvM1
CustomizationGuide · rime/home Wiki · GitHub447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqk6yFr4v3w
https://www.cnblogs.com/keatonlao/p/12983158.html

447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ0R2lQzVVY
E. 安裝重要軟件

从code官网下载deb包，然后安装447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKy1WQbEOin
# sudo apt install ./code_1.90.0-1717531825_amd64.deb

gimp图片编辑器, chromium浏览器447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbQiI6TqnrW
从app center安装

墙内安装node/npm447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTLZXpkmuse
https://nodejs.org/en/ 下载LTS版本447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnuQbqk2hyq
# cd ~/Downloads447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHo4aWOs26c
# wget https://nodejs.org/dist/v20.15.0/node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKywVetysBV
# tar --strip-components 1 -xvf node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz -C /usr/local447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXHb73Ow2zC
# node -v447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsZFMeoeahD
# npm install npm@latest -g447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMqooEv1W8l
# npm config get registry447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqW6xnvMEO1
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfHKGZrJcDU
如果想用回官方registry:447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbpsmrRdZRY
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmjs.org

墙外安装node/npm447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvri930t4NN
# curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkG0hjxd3oa
# export NVM_DIR="$([ -z "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME-}" ] && printf %s "${HOME}/.nvm" || printf %s "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/nvm")"447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcANdA8nMiz
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" # This loads nvm447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnYuOuqCMnn
# nvm install --lts447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUP5m6WqgTG
# npm install npm@latest -g

安装447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8wuApIH6sx
npm i package_name447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl1ahvNVf91
项目更新447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKr4evfCNIh
npm update

F. 配置服務器連接

1. ssh免密登录Linux服务器

在客户端检查是否存在证书447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXKmevKjBPc
# ls -al ~/.ssh/id_*.pub447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1o4zsq3wr8
如果不存在，生成证书447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwBCss02wQv
# ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "[email protected]"447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCjJzQZLdvC
生成证书的过程中使用空白的 passphrase447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0cJAna0CZA
将证书拷贝到服务器447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV00t2r1Z5e
# ssh-copy-id root@server

2. 从windows登录linux

如果是从windows系统连接ubuntu，可以安装putty作为访问服务器的终端。 447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdWe9WxBjZe
下载putty: https://www.putty.org/

putty免密登录Linux服务器的方法

在putty的安装目录找到puttygen.exe，运行生成ssl私钥和公钥，保存私钥到文件，复制公钥。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4gzFEhB1s5
在putty的 connection/data 设置登录用户名为root，connection/ssh/auth/credentials中设置私钥的文件，保存设置。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrwqHunG1jk
将公钥写入服务器的 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件中, reboot ubuntu使修改生效447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiCiYaAwGxE
# nano ~/.ssh/authorized_keys447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOQC2SK939O
# reboot

如果想保持putty与服务器的连接保持不断线，可以在Putty中设置每隔一定的时间发一次心跳消息。

3. 保持与服务器的ssh连接不断线的方法

ssh连接服务器时如果容易断线，可以修改服务器sshd的设置，保持ssh连接不断线：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7zgLnbZdH2
# nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRUHbp0OdmR
ClientAliveInterval 60 # 表示每60秒发送一次请求，从而保持连接不断线。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdIRQNZm9B4
ClientAliveCountMax 10 # 表示服务器发出请求后客户端没有响应的次数达到10次，就自动断开连接447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRfxhYiIPMq
# systemctl restart sshd

4. 從ubuntu remote windows用remmina

從app中心安裝remmina447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJhT4XHTC8L
新建connection到windows

Basic標籤447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyxuNfeW5Z8
server: ip/domain.name, username: Administrator, password: ***447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡflTjPwrond
share folder中填寫ubuntu中的路徑，則可從windows訪問447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2l6OxGYVrC
resolution中可設置合適的屏幕大小

Advanced標籤447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNN0e9bqzgL
output audio: 選擇local，則是windows發出的聲音

windows server 默認是麼有開啓聲音服務的，要設置一下才能發出聲音：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYeoHMMy8vP
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1894933

G. 網絡安全設置

防火墙设置447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtkrleQFtgP
# ufw allow 22447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfVuyD5E7rk
# ufw allow 80447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXVbiGUddjO
# ufw allow 443447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡubpkl8Mb5Q
# ufw enable447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbN13SroDGS
# ufw status

H. 常用命令

创建软链接447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoTXfW5u8M0
# sudo ln -s 源文件目标文件

修改密码447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNOJwzFxUS0
# passwd root447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhMWQ3D3kJD
# usermod -a -G groupA username447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkAPsoBoFOV
# groups username

修改hostname447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmdWAE9QyYT
# hostnamectl set-hostname xiaoyue

查看cpu447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbCnRsCFtoT
# lscpu

查看内存447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡArvYeIXovT
# free -h447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOKnVou0sQj
# top

釋放被buff/cache占用的内存447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnWLViMTzpW
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空页面缓存447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn2mAxeIpCZ
# sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空目录项缓存447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTVdmpVwCpi
# sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空SLAB缓存447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSpjYHTY98t
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空所有缓存447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡle353Cjjog
用sudo执行：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsbB717G3hv
# sudo sh -c "echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"

447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaGRxdrXH5f
查看硬盘447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn0C2gg86T0
# sudo lshw -c disk447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTUd9dewDN3
查看分区447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB3dhbzviY0
# sudo fdisk -l447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYv5krDqWBD
查看磁盘剩余空间447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ24fpAOLV4B
# df -hl

文件壓縮和打包447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRyhR8JWask
將在windows上壓縮出的zip文件傳遞給Linux系統解壓縮時，文件名會出現亂碼，這是因爲在Windows上文件名的編碼取決於「控制面板-時鐘和區域-區域-管理-非unicode程序語言」中的設置，中國大陸默認是簡體中文，gb2312(cp936)編碼. 而在Linux系統上則統一是utf-8編碼。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡETmI79wXi7
如何解決？最簡單的辦法是在解壓縮的時候說明一下原來的編碼，這樣壓縮工具就會識別出原來的文件名而自動將文件名轉爲utf8編碼, 命令如下：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRc8erxCY9d
unzip -O cp936 temp.zip

改變文件權限447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3BarC7lqcp
# chmod g+w <文件/目录路径>447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlILXscXNUu
# chmod -R g+w /path/to/directory447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvNbAoWUYYn
设置所有者为 rwx，组为 r-x，其他用户为 r--：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpUmosuXKKY
# chmod 755 <文件/目录路径>

u：所有者（user）。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYJff0f5WB7
g：所属组（group）。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqKq0zOlUOn
o：其他用户（others）。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNq75rPlMLT
a：所有用户（u、g、o）。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvUl6qbQysL
操作符：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsLdKVVqOg9
+：添加权限。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqJzplorkkL
-：移除权限。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZMMsZo1Ko5
=：设置权限。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjHCaxXUddp
權限：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡthn6Ey2vdV
r（读） = 4447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHojYEkQlXt
w（写） = 2447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaNvl1iXzCR
x（执行） = 1447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCEDHkeHfSN
-（无权限） = 0447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6j3o3JOP34
通过加法得到最终的权限值。例如：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCtTjHD9g8X
7 = rwx（4 + 2 + 1）447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbhCtdHv0Io
5 = r-x（4 + 1）447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcUSyQKriPB
6 = rw-（4 + 2）447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkoDdTQjhTj
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡckDLK8Zt5j

I. 创建自定义命令

# nano ~/.bash_aliases447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7Von4MvQgl
添加alias, 比如：447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡruWgAwo6S9
alias gitbuda='gitbuda() { git add -A; git commit -m "$1"; git push; }; gitbuda'447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi68vlcBPUU
其中$1表示命令的第一个参数，这样就可以用 gitbuda "commit message"来运行命令447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyms1pkeOpc
# source ~/.bash_aliases

Section X. Thanks

https://ubuntu.com

447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz9EnJWCeoo
Section Y. Contacts Me

If you found any errors or have any suggestions for this article, please let me know, my wechat: si_jinmin, my email: [email protected]447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeh61cMZGcH
如果您发现本文有任何错误，或者对本文有好的建议，欢迎与我联系探讨，我的微信: si_jinmin, 我的email: [email protected]

如果您對C/C++ programming, Linux, website development, Vue, Git, vscode感興趣，邀請您加入「Linux/C/C++ Website Development」微信群，請加我的微信（si_jinmin）以便拉您进群。

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