明慈淨行記 - 第33章《Coding Art》第7篇 Ubuntu/Linux LTS 24 桌面版安装和配置记录 V2

A. 下载iso文件，制作启动U盘

aria2c -x 4 -s 12 "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso"

安装启动盘制作软件rufus248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpLNnIEydmC
https://github.com/pbatard/rufus/releases/download/v4.5/rufus-4.5.exe248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs0wwUgDvKG
U盘的容量必须大于7G，在rufus中选择U盘, iso文件，MBR分区类型，NTFS文件格式，点击开始，选择以ISO镜像模式写入。

官方参考资料：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrrRv9xBvJi
https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows#1-overview

248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNAHnQNgElq
B. 安装ubuntu

从U盘启动电脑248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqo4e4wIXNK
try or install ubuntu248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnJdA6BG3KX
choose your language: english248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVwm8NpmvC0
accessibility in ubuntu: next248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu0Vohf6ysk
select your keyboard layout: english(US)248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJHlR5vptMq
connect to the internet: connect to a wi-fi network248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEBzMwmMuNK
install ubuntu248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfVNxvoCX2r
interactive installation248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡczsnjFGty6
extended selection248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgnbkVMZRbB
check: install third-party software for graphics and wi-fi hardware248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6KJsR05azj
check: download and install support for additional media formats248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuN2geDLxwd
erase disk and install ubuntu248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx46L4g3ELs
choose sdb248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ20HygWFsS
your name: buda 248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh9yHQtm5pk
your computer's name: vultr248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwoMO6asTI3
your username: buda 248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡneelVNbpPm
timezone: shanghai248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfMLtbojSrc
install248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsFOYYJTWhG
restart now248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmP5lrBjIlT
拔出U盘, 按enter键

248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqf4hXVKoE9
C. 初始化設置

点击左下角ubuntu图标进入开始菜单，将terminal pin to dash248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIwgddVWHi1
# sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

安装常用工具, 開發编译环境248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrv3ZNGuIKS
# sudo apt install nano net-tools build-essential gdb git glibc-source unzip openssl libssl-dev libzip-dev aria2 lsof248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW12ENJfCQk
# cd /usr/src/glibc248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNmePwfUUH0
# tar xvf glibc-2.39.tar.xz248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmQwqPKDg5I
在gdb中指定glibc的源代碼：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxjUbQHXUcF
gdb> directory /usr/src/glibc/glibc-2.39

將用戶加入root組248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡparoNZiNRN
# usermod -a -G root buda248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBRspi28SO4
# groups buda

黑屏时间设置：15分钟无操作后黑屏248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx1NJ5QA3WZ
点左下角进入开始菜单, search "power", click " (settings) Power" blank screen: 15 mins

apt search rethinkdb248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdbcDW692QG
apt show rethinkdb248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoJelpV5reZ
apt remove rethinkdb248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtUZTpIpkO6
cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ #进入PPA源文件所在目录248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsnAPGPQkdt
sudo rm XXX.list #删除一个PPA源list文件248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNvHp26CipE
sudo apt update

248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUb3ukVQ82O
D. 安裝中文輸入法rime

# sudo apt install ibus-rime rime-data-luna-pinyin248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5Ug5CoLg1m
点击左下角进入开始菜单，选择settings, keyboard，+ add input source...，others, chinese(rime)248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBRRmCxYRpH
点击chinese(rime)右边的小竖点，move up，将chinese(rime)移到Input Sources列表的第一行248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7oEolGMiSc
编辑配置文件248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK1gHB8gMHZ
一次显示9个候选词、模糊音248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvIbvvmBfF8
# nano ~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX48H4gpvbC
---------default.custom.yaml的内容如下-----------248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQu6dAy8NEE
patch:248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2fILqy7K1d
"menu/page_size": 9

'speller/algebra':248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTEl0wantjR
- erase/^xx$/ # 第一行保留

# 模糊音定義248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoWk0bD3TGd
- derive/^([zcs])h/$1/ # zh, ch, sh => z, c, s248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ4ycrWFT8o
- derive/^([zcs])([^h])/$1h$2/ # z, c, s => zh, ch, sh

- derive/^n/l/ # n => l248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2E8W4o64Zo
- derive/^l/n/ # l => n

- derive/([ei])n$/$1ng/ # en => eng, in => ing248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlwYpmMXi10
- derive/([ei])ng$/$1n/ # eng => en, ing => in248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrfipLIV5HY
--------------------------------------------------------------248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfM6HE9lOtw
为了使模糊音生效，拷贝配置文件248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKqfS0tRB8K
# cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin_simp.custom.yaml && cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin.custom.yaml248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSbNJtYoLZR
部署rime输入法：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbNa5oLtAdU
# ibus restart248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmJE3p7XKkd
# ibus engine rime248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhRd6YSpbvm
在输入时按F4或者Ctrl+\`可弹出菜单，选择菜单上的数字可进行简繁输入转换248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQrFqkVPsyH
按shift键进行中英输入转换248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ11vWz3XNy0
有时候输入法失效时，可以重新运行一下部署rime的命令

参考资料：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy37dC4jaE7
CustomizationGuide · rime/home Wiki · GitHub248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3AXBNW5rYC
https://www.cnblogs.com/keatonlao/p/12983158.html

248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHo39cDvLyc
E. 安裝重要軟件

从code官网下载deb包，然后安装248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjHShCEDC4Q
# sudo apt install ./code_1.90.0-1717531825_amd64.deb

gimp图片编辑器, chromium浏览器248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8ZACucc5le
从app center安装

墙内安装node/npm248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRm64uk6Zoi
https://nodejs.org/en/ 下载LTS版本248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtZKA9gcqhM
# cd ~/Downloads248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnTW8BjXkNZ
# wget https://nodejs.org/dist/v20.15.0/node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBgIJVoG4LF
# tar --strip-components 1 -xvf node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz -C /usr/local248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡphKPwksG8K
# node -v248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4XfQxaPaDY
# npm install npm@latest -g248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjdsXXiDPQr
# npm config get registry248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzeTU0Zdmsl
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaEiy9jDbWK
如果想用回官方registry:248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs1eUkYULni
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmjs.org

墙外安装node/npm248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkPUXQrVhsw
# curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV6kUzf5Y3M
# export NVM_DIR="$([ -z "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME-}" ] && printf %s "${HOME}/.nvm" || printf %s "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/nvm")"248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk5OktKDnPY
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" # This loads nvm248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡriNtOy5nm0
# nvm install --lts248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJHDjYTtxLm
# npm install npm@latest -g

安装248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVMGYhYPZz5
npm i package_name248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgA1VGetyrV
项目更新248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC3d7aPxARW
npm update

F. 配置服務器連接

1. ssh免密登录Linux服务器

在客户端检查是否存在证书248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYNDPcUy9B1
# ls -al ~/.ssh/id_*.pub248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY0qnCzlY0a
如果不存在，生成证书248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoBt0cRgAJ9
# ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "[email protected]"248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSc6b3aw6Zr
生成证书的过程中使用空白的 passphrase248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7KBOwoZbed
将证书拷贝到服务器248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDEv0usXI5u
# ssh-copy-id root@server

2. 从windows登录linux

如果是从windows系统连接ubuntu，可以安装putty作为访问服务器的终端。 248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz8kmIl7f8Y
下载putty: https://www.putty.org/

putty免密登录Linux服务器的方法

在putty的安装目录找到puttygen.exe，运行生成ssl私钥和公钥，保存私钥到文件，复制公钥。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8cKfE8uLR3
在putty的 connection/data 设置登录用户名为root，connection/ssh/auth/credentials中设置私钥的文件，保存设置。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmgg0XoMCVg
将公钥写入服务器的 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件中, reboot ubuntu使修改生效248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2iojppariR
# nano ~/.ssh/authorized_keys248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeY70yGYd4y
# reboot

如果想保持putty与服务器的连接保持不断线，可以在Putty中设置每隔一定的时间发一次心跳消息。

3. 保持与服务器的ssh连接不断线的方法

ssh连接服务器时如果容易断线，可以修改服务器sshd的设置，保持ssh连接不断线：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaQiHfBErmT
# nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGWEiHa4s7E
ClientAliveInterval 60 # 表示每60秒发送一次请求，从而保持连接不断线。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡABMR5NMr8Z
ClientAliveCountMax 10 # 表示服务器发出请求后客户端没有响应的次数达到10次，就自动断开连接248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeq6HX0t1sx
# systemctl restart sshd

4. 從ubuntu remote windows用remmina

從app中心安裝remmina248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ16dyuTwbJr
新建connection到windows

Basic標籤248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRM0GDBrgqR
server: ip/domain.name, username: Administrator, password: ***248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNaTHzQfm5K
share folder中填寫ubuntu中的路徑，則可從windows訪問248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy1QuDNqVAC
resolution中可設置合適的屏幕大小

Advanced標籤248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwJ1QDOuAZr
output audio: 選擇local，則是windows發出的聲音

windows server 默認是麼有開啓聲音服務的，要設置一下才能發出聲音：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmSbnOLh0xM
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1894933

G. 網絡安全設置

防火墙设置248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmxCKgWkZo0
# ufw allow 22248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOiA8YRPmGD
# ufw allow 80248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6BVTQAAUgd
# ufw allow 443248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwUNd25J4cI
# ufw enable248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEhPAYfZ2Vk
# ufw status

H. 常用命令

创建软链接248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwGM2OxGiFa
# sudo ln -s 源文件目标文件

修改密码248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLTPs9oJK3h
# passwd root248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeebOodjo6s
# usermod -a -G groupA username248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoDd3NrUhwp
# groups username

修改hostname248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkEcSl8OufK
# hostnamectl set-hostname xiaoyue

查看cpu248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHWj1md9QTw
# lscpu

查看内存248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBYiKPuarZU
# free -h248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7Z7F4DZ2Q7
# top

釋放被buff/cache占用的内存248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlHI4tsxBc1
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空页面缓存248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2uvZn8AVzD
# sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空目录项缓存248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCIYBaUhrxo
# sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空SLAB缓存248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLe8GxrFekl
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空所有缓存248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk8IJnBc1jF
用sudo执行：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlkfNSCateW
# sudo sh -c "echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"

248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVSWwJluZQ0
查看硬盘248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPBe6EsRZvU
# sudo lshw -c disk248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWY8gqQcnY5
查看分区248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYJAd7zrq2e
# sudo fdisk -l248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI5XyoCk2xL
查看磁盘剩余空间248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA4VpIZTKsq
# df -hl

文件壓縮和打包248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVsBBtgFy5W
將在windows上壓縮出的zip文件傳遞給Linux系統解壓縮時，文件名會出現亂碼，這是因爲在Windows上文件名的編碼取決於「控制面板-時鐘和區域-區域-管理-非unicode程序語言」中的設置，中國大陸默認是簡體中文，gb2312(cp936)編碼. 而在Linux系統上則統一是utf-8編碼。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP3Ke292UPU
如何解決？最簡單的辦法是在解壓縮的時候說明一下原來的編碼，這樣壓縮工具就會識別出原來的文件名而自動將文件名轉爲utf8編碼, 命令如下：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU5voU8ybRY
unzip -O cp936 temp.zip

改變文件權限248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQgyEZqDNII
# chmod g+w <文件/目录路径>248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4dpaJhYftB
# chmod -R g+w /path/to/directory248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6EhEPenzdV
设置所有者为 rwx，组为 r-x，其他用户为 r--：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡypC7IliV08
# chmod 755 <文件/目录路径>

u：所有者（user）。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZMcSRYqUIn
g：所属组（group）。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPKWwZpkWSz
o：其他用户（others）。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiTtMh4BtoW
a：所有用户（u、g、o）。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPBAeNmLhn6
操作符：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWc7TCCNngU
+：添加权限。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKyRhpJyhux
-：移除权限。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYhXhn7n47Q
=：设置权限。248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpXNTGCseAw
權限：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9UlTQ2PDRV
r（读） = 4248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz0xcFdoGK9
w（写） = 2248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYEqZM2koP6
x（执行） = 1248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw8xWvVGbwP
-（无权限） = 0248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt75KK1olJi
通过加法得到最终的权限值。例如：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZzreRIihj8
7 = rwx（4 + 2 + 1）248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw2aKShoHaZ
5 = r-x（4 + 1）248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMvmin9zj7B
6 = rw-（4 + 2）248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBDFU0iQ8bz
248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLiFywtoexi

I. 创建自定义命令

# nano ~/.bash_aliases248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW5M1uhFxzt
添加alias, 比如：248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLjVOQhPNBC
alias gitbuda='gitbuda() { git add -A; git commit -m "$1"; git push; }; gitbuda'248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmiJE4FGoqN
其中$1表示命令的第一个参数，这样就可以用 gitbuda "commit message"来运行命令248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB4QEOVfSxq
# source ~/.bash_aliases

Section X. Thanks

https://ubuntu.com

248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSzVpcxZN6j
Section Y. Contacts Me

If you found any errors or have any suggestions for this article, please let me know, my wechat: si_jinmin, my email: [email protected]248Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcOcKnicECV
如果您发现本文有任何错误，或者对本文有好的建议，欢迎与我联系探讨，我的微信: si_jinmin, 我的email: [email protected]

如果您對C/C++ programming, Linux, website development, Vue, Git, vscode感興趣，邀請您加入「Linux/C/C++ Website Development」微信群，請加我的微信（si_jinmin）以便拉您进群。

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