明慈淨行記 - 第33章《Coding Art》第7篇 Ubuntu/Linux LTS 24 桌面版安装和配置记录 V2

A. 下载iso文件，制作启动U盘

aria2c -x 4 -s 12 "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso" "https://mirrors.zju.edu.cn/ubuntu-releases/24.04/ubuntu-24.04-desktop-amd64.iso"

安装启动盘制作软件rufus435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡybpoAbJgEL
https://github.com/pbatard/rufus/releases/download/v4.5/rufus-4.5.exe435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB15bpnVy7s
U盘的容量必须大于7G，在rufus中选择U盘, iso文件，MBR分区类型，NTFS文件格式，点击开始，选择以ISO镜像模式写入。

官方参考资料：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡljBja8hiYW
https://ubuntu.com/tutorials/create-a-usb-stick-on-windows#1-overview

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B. 安装ubuntu

从U盘启动电脑435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgYOjwmPbH7
try or install ubuntu435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcRZU8Ox32a
choose your language: english435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRKlVjLgsHt
accessibility in ubuntu: next435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6sTgZnAMYa
select your keyboard layout: english(US)435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsOcI2pvG2G
connect to the internet: connect to a wi-fi network435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8n2riaRTOG
install ubuntu435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCOoGHnpZwN
interactive installation435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKErk9ewwUo
extended selection435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwMw66sPh7V
check: install third-party software for graphics and wi-fi hardware435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYA3ia5l9jk
check: download and install support for additional media formats435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6gb4B4SfLb
erase disk and install ubuntu435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl4869QYyq0
choose sdb435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRiEw3FM6oG
your name: buda 435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKZlpBnciKE
your computer's name: vultr435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxOOKXuJ7nT
your username: buda 435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfQ0W6uaQim
timezone: shanghai435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZvR4LP1xre
install435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTvGRt9whD9
restart now435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeZqFjP4SQ7
拔出U盘, 按enter键

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C. 初始化設置

点击左下角ubuntu图标进入开始菜单，将terminal pin to dash435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9EP8tq2Xn4
# sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

安装常用工具, 開發编译环境435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa0ZCKFoUUS
# sudo apt install nano net-tools build-essential gdb git glibc-source unzip openssl libssl-dev libzip-dev aria2 lsof435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsZuYn78bSi
# cd /usr/src/glibc435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgMl3zI3rjG
# tar xvf glibc-2.39.tar.xz435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlxFLVk9Q3Z
在gdb中指定glibc的源代碼：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxyBo72xRwR
gdb> directory /usr/src/glibc/glibc-2.39

將用戶加入root組435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7fDgb3UnV9
# usermod -a -G root buda435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDdvEliX0FJ
# groups buda

黑屏时间设置：15分钟无操作后黑屏435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1wXOTWdKOS
点左下角进入开始菜单, search "power", click " (settings) Power" blank screen: 15 mins

apt search rethinkdb435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpHHsgW0KXt
apt show rethinkdb435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0lhqgN4a16
apt remove rethinkdb435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbTXW7gK3xC
cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ #进入PPA源文件所在目录435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKMAplgeEF1
sudo rm XXX.list #删除一个PPA源list文件435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa8GqGTE5ra
sudo apt update

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D. 安裝中文輸入法rime

# sudo apt install ibus-rime rime-data-luna-pinyin435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeWndfIyv5O
点击左下角进入开始菜单，选择settings, keyboard，+ add input source...，others, chinese(rime)435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ08HIUPTzJl
点击chinese(rime)右边的小竖点，move up，将chinese(rime)移到Input Sources列表的第一行435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrenzJB3LYl
编辑配置文件435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBzzmpX8YsJ
一次显示9个候选词、模糊音435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWnIJWj0gkH
# nano ~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpZhkb8AyRc
---------default.custom.yaml的内容如下-----------435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQUnDvS4vsb
patch:435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6MkljbGU5N
"menu/page_size": 9

'speller/algebra':435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdN2lyKpAVZ
- erase/^xx$/ # 第一行保留

# 模糊音定義435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrj471XHLyV
- derive/^([zcs])h/$1/ # zh, ch, sh => z, c, s435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjTlN0C6jTq
- derive/^([zcs])([^h])/$1h$2/ # z, c, s => zh, ch, sh

- derive/^n/l/ # n => l435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡewWuJFpjKP
- derive/^l/n/ # l => n

- derive/([ei])n$/$1ng/ # en => eng, in => ing435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpm5EzYJcaL
- derive/([ei])ng$/$1n/ # eng => en, ing => in435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbqm1TM2HMV
--------------------------------------------------------------435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7OJO7hq9f9
为了使模糊音生效，拷贝配置文件435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡppRCJsjvGz
# cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin_simp.custom.yaml && cp default.custom.yaml luna_pinyin.custom.yaml435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKQuqChiVNC
部署rime输入法：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKrTpShE5Vf
# ibus restart435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlOSOIoUyAQ
# ibus engine rime435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0bPRU8Yaaw
在输入时按F4或者Ctrl+\`可弹出菜单，选择菜单上的数字可进行简繁输入转换435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVmPWiFVYqV
按shift键进行中英输入转换435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUtQdCw2Hi8
有时候输入法失效时，可以重新运行一下部署rime的命令

参考资料：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhtoAJYnTSH
CustomizationGuide · rime/home Wiki · GitHub435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ50y577gc51
https://www.cnblogs.com/keatonlao/p/12983158.html

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E. 安裝重要軟件

从code官网下载deb包，然后安装435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ6HbRB3l9u
# sudo apt install ./code_1.90.0-1717531825_amd64.deb

gimp图片编辑器, chromium浏览器435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzzRGTUhTjx
从app center安装

墙内安装node/npm435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0myWpXnc7x
https://nodejs.org/en/ 下载LTS版本435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr6LxbK29D9
# cd ~/Downloads435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXRclKFkSNI
# wget https://nodejs.org/dist/v20.15.0/node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ60Dm9quLSs
# tar --strip-components 1 -xvf node-v20.15.0-linux-x64.tar.xz -C /usr/local435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvA2pcX487Y
# node -v435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL2ug4BKkXm
# npm install npm@latest -g435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9V0Ndk9ILG
# npm config get registry435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfodrlVkJD6
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq8H9Kn8kdR
如果想用回官方registry:435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpVxWwM5TUd
# npm config set registry https://registry.npmjs.org

墙外安装node/npm435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS9ZuOvv9ZG
# curl -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.39.7/install.sh | bash435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3TU0fCE9e4
# export NVM_DIR="$([ -z "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME-}" ] && printf %s "${HOME}/.nvm" || printf %s "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME}/nvm")"435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsUAtHE8Jw2
[ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" # This loads nvm435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4ctxgEEJQL
# nvm install --lts435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM3bw8P4Lly
# npm install npm@latest -g

安装435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCEFGKQ0HRj
npm i package_name435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT4VbuIkWsH
项目更新435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡknqpX9pWXB
npm update

F. 配置服務器連接

1. ssh免密登录Linux服务器

在客户端检查是否存在证书435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmhhllI8lXG
# ls -al ~/.ssh/id_*.pub435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOLpuvFv03s
如果不存在，生成证书435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1SUGNPdIt0
# ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "[email protected]"435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDc3Wudis0j
生成证书的过程中使用空白的 passphrase435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ8wFxW1jcY
将证书拷贝到服务器435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrBjhB8lgQd
# ssh-copy-id root@server

2. 从windows登录linux

如果是从windows系统连接ubuntu，可以安装putty作为访问服务器的终端。 435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDKmT7HDtUb
下载putty: https://www.putty.org/

putty免密登录Linux服务器的方法

在putty的安装目录找到puttygen.exe，运行生成ssl私钥和公钥，保存私钥到文件，复制公钥。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeYz38RqBBC
在putty的 connection/data 设置登录用户名为root，connection/ssh/auth/credentials中设置私钥的文件，保存设置。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS9jVtlS9PA
将公钥写入服务器的 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件中, reboot ubuntu使修改生效435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJsO1kc8A2B
# nano ~/.ssh/authorized_keys435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc0rVIRv9HF
# reboot

如果想保持putty与服务器的连接保持不断线，可以在Putty中设置每隔一定的时间发一次心跳消息。

3. 保持与服务器的ssh连接不断线的方法

ssh连接服务器时如果容易断线，可以修改服务器sshd的设置，保持ssh连接不断线：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGr8ricXs7s
# nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxmiUIVAywh
ClientAliveInterval 60 # 表示每60秒发送一次请求，从而保持连接不断线。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN3DUyDxfrN
ClientAliveCountMax 10 # 表示服务器发出请求后客户端没有响应的次数达到10次，就自动断开连接435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJqWkYTQPtO
# systemctl restart sshd

4. 從ubuntu remote windows用remmina

從app中心安裝remmina435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMfkr5tcDnM
新建connection到windows

Basic標籤435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjwC30oAVC8
server: ip/domain.name, username: Administrator, password: ***435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK4zbeVF10L
share folder中填寫ubuntu中的路徑，則可從windows訪問435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvB0sXSULuT
resolution中可設置合適的屏幕大小

Advanced標籤435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTiHHLomPgk
output audio: 選擇local，則是windows發出的聲音

windows server 默認是麼有開啓聲音服務的，要設置一下才能發出聲音：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ47C3Bet0eh
https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1894933

G. 網絡安全設置

防火墙设置435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJYv7OMaSR2
# ufw allow 22435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeN8MHcR3wZ
# ufw allow 80435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNnnU9H1ahm
# ufw allow 443435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWDowQ1D4h3
# ufw enable435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGjcJLMpeum
# ufw status

H. 常用命令

创建软链接435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ17xdUY5ksz
# sudo ln -s 源文件目标文件

修改密码435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1TsuuQz5LS
# passwd root435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNZZri7JzIp
# usermod -a -G groupA username435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡojy0SO3zLH
# groups username

修改hostname435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdkgUV791as
# hostnamectl set-hostname xiaoyue

查看cpu435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD3VfsgbKVm
# lscpu

查看内存435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAPkzDVq1Nv
# free -h435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡynPHqVmJxJ
# top

釋放被buff/cache占用的内存435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvrzY367znV
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空页面缓存435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPhFONUanEi
# sync; echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空目录项缓存435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ66ZBteYGAr
# sync; echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空SLAB缓存435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSlVBdd44gK
# sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches # 清空所有缓存435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7KPMckj6nJ
用sudo执行：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMLBSELTGhO
# sudo sh -c "echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"

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查看硬盘435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6PBWCi0jJO
# sudo lshw -c disk435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB1v0Dqnamq
查看分区435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSIKb1dO8cM
# sudo fdisk -l435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPQiMAoGE6e
查看磁盘剩余空间435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrJzlIbneY3
# df -hl

文件壓縮和打包435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGf9C19kEGQ
將在windows上壓縮出的zip文件傳遞給Linux系統解壓縮時，文件名會出現亂碼，這是因爲在Windows上文件名的編碼取決於「控制面板-時鐘和區域-區域-管理-非unicode程序語言」中的設置，中國大陸默認是簡體中文，gb2312(cp936)編碼. 而在Linux系統上則統一是utf-8編碼。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb17ENtZfVs
如何解決？最簡單的辦法是在解壓縮的時候說明一下原來的編碼，這樣壓縮工具就會識別出原來的文件名而自動將文件名轉爲utf8編碼, 命令如下：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡipcFitB5At
unzip -O cp936 temp.zip

改變文件權限435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbqqnoyWxCC
# chmod g+w <文件/目录路径>435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9M63gHYrgO
# chmod -R g+w /path/to/directory435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdB5ddisRs4
设置所有者为 rwx，组为 r-x，其他用户为 r--：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmUHFN6ir3W
# chmod 755 <文件/目录路径>

u：所有者（user）。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4tCrx0OisA
g：所属组（group）。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTRWUvP4bnA
o：其他用户（others）。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx1WZuHQNbo
a：所有用户（u、g、o）。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0VXzpleCG3
操作符：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbp38NXyIq8
+：添加权限。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWkgfl45cTM
-：移除权限。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCWoTJ643cU
=：设置权限。435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFVQc1Riddc
權限：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyDYuakvapE
r（读） = 4435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv1azYsB3Ia
w（写） = 2435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8d1cbM3Tb9
x（执行） = 1435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHSbkm19JzM
-（无权限） = 0435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDetSITchlF
通过加法得到最终的权限值。例如：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1Fh06EYL7N
7 = rwx（4 + 2 + 1）435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLKzmKzzGdD
5 = r-x（4 + 1）435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMgr3lLtBTU
6 = rw-（4 + 2）435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhZxcoqhm6z
435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡldv22GkcRP

I. 创建自定义命令

# nano ~/.bash_aliases435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡViG1ROyklW
添加alias, 比如：435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvlHawRJ9pS
alias gitbuda='gitbuda() { git add -A; git commit -m "$1"; git push; }; gitbuda'435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrT1SIuxT38
其中$1表示命令的第一个参数，这样就可以用 gitbuda "commit message"来运行命令435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh4xiGCZMRa
# source ~/.bash_aliases

Section X. Thanks

https://ubuntu.com

435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkASejcMaMl
Section Y. Contacts Me

If you found any errors or have any suggestions for this article, please let me know, my wechat: si_jinmin, my email: [email protected]435Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSJPcyKiQEH
如果您发现本文有任何错误，或者对本文有好的建议，欢迎与我联系探讨，我的微信: si_jinmin, 我的email: [email protected]

如果您對C/C++ programming, Linux, website development, Vue, Git, vscode感興趣，邀請您加入「Linux/C/C++ Website Development」微信群，請加我的微信（si_jinmin）以便拉您进群。

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